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However, most of the studies only focus on parasitism adaptation and do not explore the coevolution mechanisms from the perspective of both host and parasite. Here, through the de novo sequencing and assembly of the genomes of giant panda roundworm, red panda roundworm, and lion roundworm parasitic on tiger, we investigated the genomic mechanisms of coevolution between nonmodel mammals and their parasitic roundworms and those of roundworm parasitism in general. The genome-wide phylogeny revealed that these parasitic roundworms have not phylogenetically coevolved with their hosts. The CTSZ and prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit beta (P4HB) immunoregulatory proteins played a central role in protein interaction between mammals and parasitic roundworms. The gene tree comparison identified that seven pairs of interactive proteins had consistent phylogenetic topology, suggesting their coevolution during host\u2013parasite interaction. These coevolutionary proteins were particularly relevant to immune response. In addition, we found that the roundworms of both pandas exhibited higher proportions of metallopeptidase genes, and some positively selected genes were highly related to their larvae\u2019s fast development. Our findings provide novel insights into the genetic mechanisms of coevolution between nonmodel mammals and parasites and offer the valuable genomic resources for scientific ascariasis prevention in both pandas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,19]],"date-time":"2020-09-19T11:12:59Z","timestamp":1600513979000},"page":"531-544","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Genomic Signatures of Coevolution between Nonmodel Mammals and Parasitic Roundworms"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3409-3164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yibo","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huizhong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangping","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonggang","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fuwen","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2021012317403011700_msaa243-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth0410-248","article-title":"A method 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