{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T11:57:02Z","timestamp":1783598222328,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Singapore\u2019s Agency for Science, Technology and Research","award":["IAF-PP H17\/01\/a0\/007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IAF-PP H17\/01\/a0\/007"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003397","name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Peranakan Chinese are culturally unique descendants of immigrants from China who settled in the Malay Archipelago \u223c300\u2013500\u2009years ago. Today, among large communities in Southeast Asia, the Peranakans have preserved Chinese traditions with strong influence from the local indigenous Malays. Yet, whether or to what extent genetic admixture co-occurred with the cultural mixture has been a topic of ongoing debate. We performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on 177 Singapore (SG) Peranakans and analyzed the data jointly with WGS data of Asian and European populations. We estimated that Peranakan Chinese inherited \u223c5.62% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.76\u20136.49%) Malay ancestry, much higher than that in SG Chinese (1.08%, 0.65\u20131.51%), southern Chinese (0.86%, 0.50\u20131.23%), and northern Chinese (0.25%, 0.18\u20130.32%). A sex-biased admixture history, in which the Malay ancestry was contributed primarily by females, was supported by X chromosomal variants, and mitochondrial (MT) and Y haplogroups. Finally, we identified an ancient admixture event shared by Peranakan Chinese and SG Chinese \u223c1,612 (95% CI: 1,345\u20131,923) years ago, coinciding with the settlement history of Han Chinese in southern China, apart from the recent admixture event with Malays unique to Peranakan Chinese \u223c190 (159\u2013213) years ago. These findings greatly advance our understanding of the dispersal history of Chinese and their interaction with indigenous populations in Southeast Asia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]],"date-time":"2021-06-19T11:07:59Z","timestamp":1624100879000},"page":"4463-4474","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Genetic Admixture in the Culturally Unique Peranakan Chinese Population in Southeast Asia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Degang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Yiqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"NUHS Cardiovascular Diseases Translational Research Program, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bangfen","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"NUHS Cardiovascular Diseases Translational Research Program, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zenia","family":"Tiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"NUHS Cardiovascular Diseases Translational Research Program, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinzhuang","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivanna","family":"Williantarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences (i3L), Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amadeus Yeremia","family":"Pribowo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences (i3L), Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rizky","family":"Nurdiansyah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences (i3L), Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The SG Peranakan Project","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger S Y","family":"Foo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"NUHS Cardiovascular Diseases Translational Research Program, National University 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