{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:24:56Z","timestamp":1790709896985,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI000300-38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI000300-38"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Vertebrate genomes contain endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that represent remnants of past germline infections by ancient retroviruses. Despite comprising 8% of the human genome, the human ERVs (HERVs) do not encode a replication competent retrovirus. However, some HERV genes have been co-opted to serve host functions, most notably the viral envelope-derived syncytins involved in placentation. Here, we identify the oldest HERV intact gag gene with an open reading frame, gagV1. Its provirus contains an intact env, envV1, and the first open reading frame found in an HERV gag leader, pre-gagV1, which encodes a novel protein. This HERV is linked to a related gag gene, gagV3, and these three genes all show patterns of evolutionary conservation in primates. gagV1 and pre-gagV1 orthologs are present in all simian primate lineages indicating that this HERV entered the germline of the common simian primate ancestor at least 43 Ma, whereas gagV3 is found in Old and New World monkeys. gagV1 and gagV3 have undergone recurrent gene conversion events and positive selection. Expression of gagV1, gagV3, and pre-gagV1 is restricted to the placenta in humans and macaques suggesting co-option for placenta-specific host functions. Transcriptomic analysis of human tumors also found upregulated levels of gagV1 transcripts in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. These findings suggest that these HERV-V genes may be useful markers for the most common type of non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma and that they may have contributed to the successive domestications of env and gag genes in eutherians involved in the ongoing ERV-driven evolution of the placenta.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T07:10:59Z","timestamp":1629184259000},"page":"5453-5471","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Oldest Co-opted\n                    <i>gag<\/i>\n                    Gene of a Human Endogenous Retrovirus Shows Placenta-Specific Expression and Is Upregulated in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Guney","family":"Boso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Fleck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Carley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Buckler-White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine A","family":"Kozak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2021121011130983800_msab245-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2005.08.011","article-title":"The approximately 30-million-year-old ERVPb1 envelope gene is evolutionarily conserved among hominoids and Old World monkeys","volume":"86","author":"Aagaard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121011130983800_msab245-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0431","article-title":"Amino acid substitutions in the CA protein of Moloney murine leukemia virus that block early 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