{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:32:44Z","timestamp":1789608764615,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-05191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-05191"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Kew Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(#2023\/07838-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(#2023\/07838-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"BBSRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/T01282X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/T01282X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>South American coca (Erythroxylum coca and E. novogranatense) has been a keystone crop for many Andean and Amazonian communities for at least 8,000 years. However, over the last half-century, global demand for its alkaloid cocaine has driven intensive agriculture of this plant and placed it in the center of armed conflict and deforestation. To monitor the changing landscape of coca plantations, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime collects annual data on their areas of cultivation. However, attempts to delineate areas in which different varieties are grown have failed due to limitations around identification. In the absence of flowers, identification relies on leaf morphology, yet the extent to which this is reflected in taxonomy is uncertain. Here, we analyze the consistency of the current naming system of coca and its four closest wild relatives (the \u201ccoca clade\u201d), using morphometrics, phylogenomics, molecular clocks, and population genomics. We include name-bearing type specimens of coca's closest wild relatives E. gracilipes and E. cataractarum. Morphometrics of 342 digitized herbarium specimens show that leaf shape and size fail to reliably discriminate between species and varieties. However, the statistical analyses illuminate that rounder and more obovate leaves of certain varieties could be associated with the subtle domestication syndrome of coca. Our phylogenomic data indicate extensive gene flow involving E. gracilipes which, combined with morphometrics, supports E. gracilipes being retained as a single species. Establishing a robust evolutionary-taxonomic framework for the coca clade will facilitate the development of cost-effective genotyping methods to support reliable identification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msae114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T04:06:32Z","timestamp":1720584392000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Morphometrics and Phylogenomics of Coca (<i>Erythroxylum<\/i> spp.) Illuminate Its Reticulate Evolution, With Implications for Taxonomy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9207-4565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia A S","family":"Przelomska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth PO1 2DY , UK"},{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE , UK"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution , Washington DC 20560 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9080-9468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rudy A","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8225-2548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio Andr\u00e9s","family":"\u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The New York Botanical Garden , New York, NY 10458 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5424-8608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo A","family":"Ballen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Estadual Paulista , Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"},{"name":"School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London E1 4NS , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2781-5747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Cort\u00e9s-B","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbario Forestal Universidad Distrital, Campus El Vivero , CR 5E 15-82 Bogot\u00e1 , Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5730-5986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Logan","family":"Kistler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution , Washington DC 20560 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4875-1447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel H","family":"Chitwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI 48824 , USA"},{"name":"Department of Computational Mathematics, Science & Engineering, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI 48824 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9657-8362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha","family":"Charitonidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina , 45110 Ioannina , Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3704-0703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne S","family":"Renner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Washington University , Saint Louis, MO 63130 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9166-2410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar A","family":"P\u00e9rez-Escobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1842-9297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Antonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE , UK"},{"name":"Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg , SE 41319 G\u00f6teborg , Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3RB , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2024073120121584800_msae114-B1","first-page":"281","article-title":"The genetic consequences of evolving two sexes: the genetic structure of distylous and dioecious species of Erythroxylum","volume":"10","author":"Abarca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Evol Ecol 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