{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T08:22:27Z","timestamp":1777364547006,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Characterizing the diversity and lability of the amphibian sex chromosomes holds key to understand what drives sex chromosome turnovers and assess the role of sex-linked genes in reproductive isolation and speciation. Here, we show that the heterogametic transition previously reported between the hybridizing toads Bufo bufo (ZW) and Bufo spinosus (XY) is nonhomologous, potentially implicates key genes of the vertebrate sex determination cascade (SOX9, DMRT1, and AMH), and is characterized by a much shorter ZW than XY segment. Integrating this information with published hybrid zone data suggests that both sex chromosomes resist interspecific introgression more than autosomes. These observations substantiate that sex chromosome turnovers preferentially involve chromosomes that host conserved sex-determining genes, imply heterochiasmy as a key factor of sex chromosome differentiation, and are consistent with a large sex chromosome effect, an empirical rule of speciation that is not expected with homomorphic sex chromosomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaf142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T07:34:29Z","timestamp":1750059269000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Heterogametic Transition in European <i>Bufo<\/i> Toads Switches the Sex Linkage of Key Vertebrate Sex Determination Genes and Associates with a Large Sex Chromosome Effect"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8497-8908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Dufresnes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Syst\u00e9matique, Evolution, Biodiversit\u00e9 (ISYEB), Mus\u00e9um National D\u2019Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, EPHE-PSL, Universit\u00e9 des Antilles , Paris 75005 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0422-3960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre-Andr\u00e9","family":"Crochet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFE, CNRS, University of Montpellier, EPHE, IRD , Montpellier ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9950-1571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Rozenblut-Ko\u015bcisty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Vertebrates, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroc\u0142aw , Wroc\u0142aw ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7447-6691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spartak N","family":"Litvinchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Saint Petersburg ,","place":["Russia"]},{"name":"Department of Zoology and Physiology, Dagestan State University , Makhachkala ,","place":["Russia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1588-4465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne , Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7756-6323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Perrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne , Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1701-3978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel L","family":"Jeffries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern , Bern 3012 ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025072202513265300_msaf142-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199657148.001.0001","volume-title":"The evolution of sex determination","author":"Beukeboom","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072202513265300_msaf142-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12891","article-title":"Transspecies variation in Dmrt1 is associated with sex determination in four European tree-frog 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