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While it has been observed that some cell types are far more evolutionarily conserved than others, the factors driving these differences in the evolutionary rate remain unknown. Here, we hypothesized that highly abundant neuronal cell types may be under greater selective constraint than rarer neuronal types, leading to variation in their rates of evolution. To test this, we leveraged recently published cross-species single-nucleus RNA-sequencing datasets from three distinct regions of the mammalian neocortex. We found a strikingly consistent relationship where more abundant neuronal subtypes show greater gene expression conservation between species, which replicated across three independent datasets covering &amp;gt;106 neurons from six species. Based on this principle, we discovered that the most abundant type of neocortical neurons\u2014layer 2\/3 intratelencephalic excitatory neurons\u2014has evolved exceptionally quickly in the human lineage compared to other apes. Surprisingly, this accelerated evolution was accompanied by the dramatic down-regulation of autism-associated genes, which was likely driven by polygenic positive selection specific to the human lineage. In summary, we introduce a general principle governing neuronal evolution and suggest that the exceptionally high prevalence of autism in humans may be a direct result of natural selection for lower expression of a suite of genes that conferred a fitness benefit to our ancestors while also rendering an abundant class of neurons more sensitive to perturbation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaf189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T11:52:45Z","timestamp":1754567565000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A General Principle of Neuronal Evolution Reveals a Human-Accelerated Neuron Type Potentially Underlying the High Prevalence of Autism in Humans"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6297-9742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander L","family":"Starr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8400-8541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hunter B","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2025092506430042000_msaf189-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-4-36","article-title":"SFARI gene 2.0: a community-driven knowledgebase for the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)","volume":"4","author":"Abrahams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"issue":"7854","key":"2025092506430042000_msaf189-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03343-3","article-title":"Primate cell fusion disentangles gene regulatory divergence in 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