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However, their broader contributions to non-mammalian vertebrates, particularly viviparous fish, remain largely unexplored. Here, we present the discovery and functional characterization of three co-opted\/captured ERV env gene clades, including a Percom-env clade comprising previously reported percomORF in the viviparous teleost Sebastes schlegelii. Our findings reveal that each gene clade plays a distinct and critical role in neural regulation, reproductive maturation, and viviparity. Notably, Percom-env percomORF retains fusogenic activity and its brain-specific expression is driven by conserved regulatory elements across Percomorpha. Meanwhile, Seb-env4 env genes, expressed uniquely in the testis, support seasonal gonadal maturation and Sertoli cell maintenance. Lastly, Seb-env3 env genes, localized at the maternofetal interface, retain a robust fusion capacity essential for follicular placentation, and have persisted for approximately 15 million years in the Sebastes genus, thus identified as candidate syncytin-Seb, likely underpinning the emergence of viviparity. These findings demonstrate env co-option\/capture drives teleost adaptations, extending retroviral env-mediated placentation beyond mammals and lizards, and highlight conserved mechanisms in vertebrate reproductive evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaf333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T12:22:40Z","timestamp":1767615760000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Viviparity and beyond: captured endogenous retroviral envelope genes drive teleost physiological innovations"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0024-0779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weihao","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences\/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266000 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hainan Seed Industry Laboratory , Sanya 572000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4044-6556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fuxiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences\/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8365-4929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences\/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266000 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Marine Life Sciences\/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5650-0932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengda","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences\/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1773-5044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yajun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences\/Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266000 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