{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:28:47Z","timestamp":1787009327522,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"United States National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2217155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2217155"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"United States National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2217158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2217158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["502865717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["502865717"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Humboldt Research Fellowship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005156","name":"Alexander von Humboldt Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Larvae of the caddisfly Arctopsyche grandis BANKS build protective structures and spin silken capture nets in flowing water. Caddisfly H-fibroin, the major protein component of its silk fibers, has a blocky structure with repeating units defined as beginning with a [(SX)nE]m region followed by a G-rich spacer. Previous observation of H-fibroin allelic variation in haploid-resolved individuals led us to investigate allelic variation within two geographically close but separated natural populations of A. grandis. The genomes of 18 individuals were sequenced, and 34 haploid-resolved H-fibroin sequences were extracted. Twenty-four unique alleles were identified in 18 genomes, revealing the dynamic nature of the H-fibroin gene. H-fibroin length variations of up to 25% were tolerated. The major source of the length variations were large-scale deletions and insertions of entire [(SX)nE]m blocks. Small scale indel events were numerous, nonrandomly distributed, and constrained to a few types. One was a 44 residue indel comprising two (SX)nE motifs that split direct tandem repeats in [(SX)nE]m regions, changing m by \u00b12 without disrupting tertiary structure or block boundaries. The G-rich spacers are of two types, the first distinguished by repeating GLGPH pentapeptides. Indels within this spacer type occur as multiples of the GLGPH pentapeptide. The other category of G-rich spacer was confined to a narrow length distribution. Overall, the results demonstrate the rapid evolution of the caddisfly H-fibroin gene and the wide range of H-fibroin structural polymorphism tolerated in functional capture net silk. At the same time, the limited nature of the indels point to the critical structural features of H-fibroin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msag132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T05:55:36Z","timestamp":1780466136000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["On the dynamic caddisfly silk\n                    <i>H-fibroin<\/i>\n                    gene: a population study in a net-spinning species"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8389-8877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russell J","family":"Stewart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112 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\u2013 Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt , Frankfurt am Main 60325 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Institute of Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University Gie\u00dfen , Gie\u00dfen 35392 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1893-3904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Jijon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University , Provo, UT 84602 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5906-5488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Standring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University , Provo, UT 84602 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