{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T18:21:37Z","timestamp":1791570097943,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023321","name":"TU Dresden Graduate Academy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"BMFTR"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015539","name":"Federal Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015539","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRFB-2208973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRFB-2208973"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space of Germany"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008084","name":"NHR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008084","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Following the evolution of internal fertilization, the female reproductive tract became the site of two major reproductive interactions, the insemination response and the long-term postmating response. However, our understanding of these two responses is hampered by the fact they coincide in most animals. Traumatic insemination in the common bedbug (Cimex lectularius) presents a unique opportunity to disentangle these effects because females have evolved a novel organ, the mesospermalege, which is the site of insemination, while sperm do not arrive in the reproductive tract until several hours after mating. Here, we show that the mesospermalege exhibits a gene expression profile consistent with functions of the insemination response, including immune responses, that are normally found in the lower reproductive tract in other insect species. We then show that the postmating response in the lower female reproductive tract of bedbugs is delayed, coinciding with the movement of sperm through the female, suggesting that the postmating response has evolved in response to sperm receipt independent of intromission and insemination. Finally, we show male seminal fluid genes are expressed in the female, previously only demonstrated in Drosophila. Seminal fluid genes are more highly expressed in the mesospermalege than the reproductive tract, suggesting co-expression has evolved as part of the insemination response. Our results provide insights into the evolution of novel organs, reproductive traits, and female postmating gene expression in a global pest with an unusual reproductive biology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msag169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:49:49Z","timestamp":1783511389000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A novel female reproductive organ differentiates insemination and postmating responses in bedbugs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9789-6581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birte M","family":"Martens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Technische Universita\u0308t Dresden , Dresden 01217 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Institute of Biology, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin , Berlin 14195 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Materials and the Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing , Berlin 12205 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8949-7479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caitlin E","family":"McDonough-Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI 53706 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna , Vienna A-1030 ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2361-9661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Otti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Technische Universita\u0308t Dresden , Dresden 01217 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9819-3028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Broschk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Technische Universita\u0308t Dresden , Dresden 01217 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0387-1893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Kullmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Technische Universita\u0308t Dresden , Dresden 01217 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4205-2370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Reinhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Technische Universita\u0308t Dresden , Dresden 01217 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3426-4341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin D","family":"Garlovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Technische Universita\u0308t Dresden , Dresden 01217 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07487-w","article-title":"Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3","volume":"630","author":"Abramson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34770-z","article-title":"The history of sexual selection research provides insights as to why females are still understudied","volume":"13","author":"Ah-King","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa264","article-title":"Differences in postmating transcriptional responses between conspecific and heterospecific matings in Drosophila","volume":"38","author":"Ahmed-Braimah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004451","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004451","article-title":"Mating-induced transcriptome changes in the reproductive tract of female aedes aegypti","volume":"10","author":"Alfonso-Parra","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/imb.12249","article-title":"Postmating transcriptional changes in the female reproductive tract of the European corn borer moth","volume":"25","author":"Al-Wathiqui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2017.06.015","article-title":"Cleavage of the Drosophila seminal protein Acp36DE in mated females enhances its sperm storage activity","volume":"101","author":"Avila","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7878","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100388108","article-title":"Postmating transcriptional changes in reproductive tracts of con- and heterospecifically mated Drosophila mojavensis females","volume":"108","author":"Bono","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017749","article-title":"Mechanisms and evidence of genital coevolution: the roles of natural selection, mate choice, and sexual conflict","volume":"7","author":"Brennan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.86409","article-title":"The seminal odorant binding protein Obp56g is required for mating plug formation and male fertility in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"12","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-421","article-title":"BLAST+: architecture and applications","volume":"10","author":"Camacho","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2016.03.002","article-title":"Mating induces developmental changes in the insect female reproductive tract","volume":"13","author":"Carmel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Insect Sci."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9923","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1631635100","article-title":"The sex peptide of Drosophila melanogaster: female post-mating responses analyzed by using RNA interference","volume":"100","author":"Chapman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/373241a0","article-title":"Cost of mating in Drosophila melanogaster females is mediated by male accessory gland products","volume":"373","author":"Chapman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.119.302284","article-title":"Female genetic contributions to sperm competition in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"212","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.112.146357","article-title":"Large neurological component to genetic differences underlying biased sperm use in Drosophila","volume":"193","author":"Chow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000570","article-title":"Coevolution of interacting fertilization proteins","volume":"5","author":"Clark","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B17","first-page":"32","article-title":"Further observations on the reproductive system of Cimex, with special reference to the behaviour of the spermatozoa","volume":"8","author":"Cragg","year":"1920","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2025.104780","article-title":"Reviewing the female accessory glands of insects: where they come from, what they do, and where they are going","volume":"161","author":"da Silva","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(64)90083-6","article-title":"Studies of the reproductive physiology of Cimicidae (Hemiptera)\u2014I. Fecundation and egg maturation","volume":"10","author":"Davis","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12919","article-title":"Long-term sperm storage in eusocial Hymenoptera","volume":"98","author":"Degueldre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2214883120","article-title":"Time series transcriptome analysis implicates the circadian clock in the Drosophila melanogaster female's response to sex peptide","volume":"120","author":"Delbare","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75156-9","article-title":"Interactions between the microbiome and mating influence the female's transcriptional profile in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"10","author":"Delbare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-023-09397-z","article-title":"Transcriptional programs are activated and microRNAs are repressed within minutes after mating in the Drosophila melanogaster female reproductive tract","volume":"24","author":"Delbare","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635","article-title":"STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner","volume":"29","author":"Dobin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691207209","volume-title":"Female control","author":"Eberhard","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-015-0721-2","article-title":"OrthoFinder: solving fundamental biases in whole genome comparisons dramatically improves orthogroup inference accuracy","volume":"16","author":"Emms","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1832-y","article-title":"OrthoFinder: phylogenetic orthology inference for comparative genomics","volume":"20","author":"Emms","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0439-x","article-title":"The nf-core framework for community-curated bioinformatics pipelines","volume":"38","author":"Ewels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.026815","article-title":"Sperm-induced modification of the oviductal gene expression profile after natural insemination in mice","volume":"71","author":"Fazeli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Reprod."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.0394","article-title":"Post-mating disparity between potential and realized immune response in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"274","author":"Fedorka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004108","article-title":"Evolutionary rate covariation identifies new members of a protein network required for Drosophila melanogaster female post-mating responses","volume":"10","author":"Findlay","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2017.02.010","article-title":"Postmating female control: 20 years of cryptic female choice","volume":"32","author":"Firman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010704","article-title":"Knockdown of the salivary protein gene NlG14 caused displacement of the lateral oviduct secreted components and inhibited ovulation in nilaparvata lugens","volume":"19","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Genet"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Garlovsky","year":"2026  18","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.04.15.718635"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B35","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Advances in insect physiology","author":"Grath","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00288-8","article-title":"The Drosophila seminal fluid protein Acp26Aa stimulates release of oocytes by the ovary","volume":"10","author":"Heifetz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-021815-111350","article-title":"Sperm storage in the female reproductive tract","volume":"4","author":"Holt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Anim Biosci."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn923","article-title":"Bioinformatics enrichment tools: paths toward the comprehensive functional analysis of large gene lists","volume":"37","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2009.01708.x","article-title":"Immunogenic males: a genome-wide analysis of reproduction and the cost of mating in Drosophila melanogaster females","volume":"22","author":"Innocenti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Evol Biol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-021-01488-y","article-title":"Fertilization mode drives sperm length evolution across the animal tree of life","volume":"5","author":"Kahrl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2004.03.016","article-title":"A combined transmembrane topology and signal peptide prediction method","volume":"338","author":"K\u00e4ll","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Mol Biol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13912","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710997105","article-title":"Mating induces an immune response and developmental switch in the Drosophila oviduct","volume":"105","author":"Kapelnikov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioab082","article-title":"Evolutionary, proteomic, and experimental investigations suggest the extracellular matrix of cumulus cells mediates fertilization outcomes\u2020","volume":"105","author":"Keeble","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Reprod."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msp121","article-title":"Protease gene duplication and proteolytic activity in Drosophila female reproductive tracts","volume":"26","author":"Kelleher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793103006365","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases of insects: distribution, evolution, ecology and host behaviour","volume":"79","author":"Knell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8692","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.151123998","article-title":"Sexually antagonistic coevolution of a postmating-prezygotic reproductive character in desert Drosophila","volume":"98","author":"Knowles","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbw008","article-title":"A benchmark of gene expression tissue-specificity metrics","volume":"18","author":"Kryuchkova-Mostacci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D899","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa1026","article-title":"FlyBase: updates to the Drosophila melanogaster knowledge base","volume":"49","author":"Larkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.13388","article-title":"Genome of tropical bed bug Cimex hemipterus (Cimicidae, Hemiptera) reveals tetraspanin expanded in bed bug ancestor","volume":"32","author":"Law","year":"2025","journal-title":"Insect Sci"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006743","article-title":"Crucial role of estrogen for the mammalian female in regulating semen coagulation and liquefaction in vivo","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS Genet"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2016.0722","article-title":"Queen reproductive tract secretions enhance sperm motility in ants","volume":"12","author":"Liberti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Lett."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10358","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604046103","article-title":"Mating-responsive genes in reproductive tissues of female Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"103","author":"Mack","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8475","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1505797112","article-title":"Integrated 3D view of postmating responses by the Drosophila melanogaster female reproductive tract, obtained by micro-computed tomography scanning","volume":"112","author":"Mattei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2119899119","article-title":"The life history of Drosophila sperm involves molecular continuity between male and female reproductive tracts","volume":"119","author":"McCullough","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkab020","article-title":"Drosophila female reproductive tract gene expression reveals coordinated mating responses and rapidly evolving tissue-specific genes","volume":"11","author":"McDonough-Goldstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"G3 (Bethesda)"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.2213","article-title":"Drosophila female reproductive glands contribute to mating plug composition and the timing of sperm ejection","volume":"289","author":"McDonough-Goldstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000012762","article-title":"The physiology and activity of the bed-bug (Cimex lectularius L.) in a natural infestation","volume":"31","author":"Mellanby","year":"1939","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1384193","article-title":"Activation of immune pathways in common bed bugs, Cimex lectularius, in response to bacterial immune challenges\u2014a transcriptomics analysis","volume":"15","author":"Meraj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msv048","article-title":"Digestive organ in the female reproductive tract borrows genes from multiple organ systems to adopt critical functions","volume":"32","author":"Meslin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esae071","article-title":"A chromosome-level reference genome for the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, with identification of sex chromosomes","volume":"116","author":"Miles","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hered."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s13355-012-0112-z","article-title":"Comparative transcriptomics of the bacteriome and the spermalege of the bedbug Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)","volume":"47","author":"Moriyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl Entomol Zool."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2514","article-title":"Costly traumatic insemination and a female counter-adaptation in bed bugs","volume":"270","author":"Morrow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13010069","article-title":"Effects of mating on gene expression in female insects: unifying the field","volume":"13","author":"Nanfack-Minkeu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1163\/15707563-20191082","article-title":"Does mating negatively affect female immune defences in insects?","volume":"69","author":"Oku","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animal Biol"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B66","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Sexual selection and reproductive competition in insects","author":"Parker","year":"1979"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B67","unstructured":"Patel H \u00a0et al \u00a0nf-core\/rnaseq: nf-core\/rnaseq v3.19.0\u2014Tungsten Turtle. 2025. 10.5281\/zenodo.1400710."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4197","article-title":"Salmon provides fast and bias-aware quantification of transcript expression","volume":"14","author":"Patro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Methods."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017558","article-title":"The evolution of sexually antagonistic phenotypes","volume":"7","author":"Perry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.118323","article-title":"Dynamic digestive physiology of a female reproductive organ in a polyandrous butterfly","volume":"218","author":"Plakke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Exp Biol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18129\/B9.bioc.topGO","article-title":"topGO: Enrichment Analysis for Gene Ontology","author":"Rahnenfuhrer","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e238","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0030238","article-title":"Sustained post-mating response in Drosophila melanogaster requires multiple seminal fluid proteins","volume":"3","author":"Ram","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(69)90014-6","article-title":"Sperm activation and migration in bed bugs","volume":"15","author":"Rao","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B74","volume-title":"R","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017582","article-title":"Copulatory wounding and traumatic insemination","volume":"7","author":"Reinhardt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2515","article-title":"Reducing a cost of traumatic insemination: female bedbugs evolve a unique organ","volume":"270","author":"Reinhardt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21743","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905347106","article-title":"Ejaculate components delay reproductive senescence while elevating female reproductive rate in an insect","volume":"106","author":"Reinhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.52.040306.133913","article-title":"Biology of the bed bugs (Cimicidae)","volume":"52","author":"Reinhardt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp616","article-title":"Edger: a bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data","volume":"26","author":"Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinforma Oxf Engl"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19390","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809723105","article-title":"Molecular and cellular components of the mating machinery in Anopheles gambiae females","volume":"105","author":"Rogers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1086\/698198","article-title":"The genomics of sexual conflict","volume":"192","author":"Rowe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am Nat."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.11.004","article-title":"The reproductive microbiome: an emerging driver of sexual selection, sexual conflict, mating systems, and reproductive isolation","volume":"35","author":"Rowe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81271-y","article-title":"Mating and starvation modulate feeding and host-seeking responses in female bed bugs, Cimex lectularius","volume":"11","author":"Saveer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D20","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae979","article-title":"Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information in 2025","volume":"53","author":"Sayers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00013.2018","article-title":"The female response to seminal fluid","volume":"100","author":"Schjenken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001192","article-title":"Sperm-storage defects and live birth in Drosophila females lacking spermathecal secretory cells","volume":"9","author":"Schnakenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS Biol"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gam028","article-title":"Seminal plasma differentially regulates inflammatory cytokine gene expression in human cervical and vaginal epithelial cells","volume":"13","author":"Sharkey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2021.103555","article-title":"A lateral oviduct secreted protein plays a vital role for egg movement through the female reproductive tract in the brown planthopper","volume":"132","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W216","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac194","article-title":"DAVID: a web server for functional enrichment analysis and functional annotation of gene lists (2021 update)","volume":"50","author":"Sherman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.113.160945","article-title":"Neprilysins: an evolutionarily conserved family of metalloproteases that play important roles in reproduction in Drosophila","volume":"196","author":"Sitnik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1789","article-title":"Trauma, disease and collateral damage: conflict in cimicids","volume":"361","author":"Siva-Jothy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7563.1","article-title":"Differential analyses for RNA-seq: transcript-level estimates improve gene-level inferences","volume":"4","author":"Soneson","year":"2015","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5683","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.101440698","article-title":"Traumatic insemination and sexual conflict in the bed bug Cimex lectularius","volume":"98","author":"Stutt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00415","article-title":"Ovulation in Drosophila is controlled by secretory cells of the female reproductive tract","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-021-01156-3","article-title":"Signalp 6.0 predicts all five types of signal peptides using protein language models","volume":"40","author":"Teufel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaf210","article-title":"No evidence of sexually antagonistic coevolution in Drosophila reproductive tract transcriptomes","volume":"42","author":"Thayer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2409850121","article-title":"Regional specialization, polyploidy, and seminal fluid transcripts in the Drosophila female reproductive tract","volume":"121","author":"Thayer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1086\/284170","article-title":"Cryptic female choice and its implications in the scorpionfly harpobittacus nigriceps","volume":"122","author":"Thornhill","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am Nat."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00326188","article-title":"Supernumerary chromosomes in the human bed bug, cimex lectularius linn. (cimicidae:hemiptera)","volume":"20","author":"Ueshima","year":"1967","journal-title":"Chromosoma"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4182\/BQCN5049","volume-title":"Monograph of Cimicidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera)","author":"Usinger","year":"1966"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2022.101919","article-title":"Mating triggers immediate upregulation of the heat shock response but downregulation of immune activity in the female reproductive tract of moths","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Asia Pac Entomol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B102","first-page":"307","volume-title":"The evolution of primary sexual characters in animals","author":"Wedell","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esp013","article-title":"Battle and ballet: molecular interactions between the sexes in Drosophila","volume":"100","author":"Wolfner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hered."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm088","article-title":"PAML 4: phylogenetic analysis by Maximum likelihood","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06483","article-title":"A receptor that mediates the post-mating switch in Drosophila reproductive behaviour","volume":"451","author":"Yapici","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026080420022042500_msag169-B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty895","article-title":"Heavy-tailed prior distributions for sequence count data: removing the noise and preserving large differences","volume":"35","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"}],"container-title":["Molecular Biology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mbe\/article-pdf\/43\/8\/msag169\/70430711\/msag169.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mbe\/article-pdf\/43\/8\/msag169\/70430711\/msag169.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:02:36Z","timestamp":1785888156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mbe\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/molbev\/msag169\/8748778"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"John","family":"Parsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msag169","relation":{},"ISSN":["0737-4038","1537-1719"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0737-4038","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-1719","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"article-number":"msag169"}}