{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T03:52:13Z","timestamp":1791345133494,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Collaborative Research award from the U.S. National Science Foundation","award":["IOS 1755134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS 1755134"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021nxhr62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Collaborative Research award from the U.S. National Science Foundation","award":["IOS 1754934"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS 1754934"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021nxhr62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Collaborative Research award from the U.S. National Science Foundation","award":["IOS 1755026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS 1755026"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021nxhr62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Research Traineeship from the U.S. National Sceince Foundation","award":["NRT-ROL 2021791"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRT-ROL 2021791"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021nxhr62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Rising Scholars Postdoctoral Fellowship from the University of Virginia","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0153tk833","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Classic theory on sex chromosome evolution predicts that selection should restore ancestral diploid expression for hemizygous X-linked genes in males. However, this dosage compensation is often incomplete, leaving the X chromosome enriched for genes with female-biased expression. In this context, iguanian lizards are noteworthy among vertebrates because several species from separate families appear to exhibit both near-complete dosage compensation and male\u2013female expression balance across their ancient, homologous X chromosomes. We tested for similar expression balance in a phrynosomatid iguanian, Sceloporus undulatus (Eastern Fence Lizard), and instead found that both ancient and more recently sex-linked regions of the X chromosome are enriched for genes with female-biased expression, regardless of age (neonate, maturing, adult) or tissue (brain, liver, muscle). By expanding our analysis across ten phrynosomatid species spanning four genera, we found that male\u2013female expression imbalance on the ancestral region of X is phylogenetically conserved in this family. We also found that an inferred chromosomal rearrangement in Sceloporus jarrovii has resulted in the evolution of female-biased expression by a formerly autosomal region. Whereas sex-biased expression of the ancestral region of X is primarily due to females overexpressing X-linked genes relative to autosomal genes, sex-biased expression of these formerly autosomal genes in S. jarrovii is primarily due to males underexpressing genes in this putative neo-X region. We conclude that male\u2013female expression imbalance on X is widespread across phrynosomatids, potentially reflecting both overexpression in females for ancestral regions that have evolved dosage compensation and underexpression in males for neo-X regions in which dosage compensation has yet to evolve.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msag232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:38:49Z","timestamp":1788867529000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Widespread male\u2013female expression imbalance of X-linked genes across phrynosomatid lizards"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0338-847X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew D","family":"Hale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA 22904 , USA"},{"name":"U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, MD 20910 , USA"},{"name":"Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. , Bethesda, MD 20817 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8885-4016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro L H","family":"de Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA 22904 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9874-5583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel T","family":"Nondorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA 22904 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1874-4660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher D","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA 22904 , USA"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 85287 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5036-592X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry B","family":"John-Alder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University , New Brunswick, NJ 08901 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9424-8482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian L","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University , Miami, FL 33199 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8325-111X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert M","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Virginia , 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