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Although many genotype\u2013environment association methods have been successful in identifying adaptive variation, current approaches can be improved in two important aspects. First, most existing methods do not account for genotype uncertainty in widely available low-coverage whole-genome sequencing data. Researchers often restrict analysis to loci for which genotypes can be inferred reliably or call the most probable genotype, allowing the use of genotype-based methods. However, discarding data and false genotype calls increase the uncertainty in estimates of genetic variation and can introduce systematic biases. Second, most methods use phenomenological approaches, such as logistic regression, to partition estimated variation into adaptive and nonadaptive components. Consequently, current approaches may fail to account for evolutionary processes, such as migration-selection balance. Structured migration between climatically disparate locations can produce deviations from a smooth S-shaped response curve, which can be difficult to accommodate using generalized linear models. To overcome these challenges, we developed a method that accounts for genotype uncertainty in sequencing data and propagates this uncertainty to inform the parameters of an evolutionary model. A key feature of this model is that it describes mechanistically how genetic variation arises from joint interactions between local adaptation, structured migration, mutation, and drift. Our synthetic simulation tests reveal that accounting for genotype uncertainty and structured migration substantially reduces false negatives. We also applied our approach to analyze data on North American rosy-finches (3.7 million SNPs), a high-alpine, climatically threatened clade of bird species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msag255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:03:10Z","timestamp":1790769790000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identifying adaptive variation in spatially structured populations using low-coverage whole-genome sequencing data"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5720-7761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikunj","family":"Goel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Data Science, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX 78712 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Biology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322 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