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The parasitic blood fluke Schistosoma haematobium causes urogenital schistosomiasis in humans across sub-Saharan Africa. Hybridization with other schistosome species is assumed to occur commonly, because genetic crosses between S. haematobium and livestock schistosomes, including S. bovis, can be staged in the laboratory, and sequencing of mtDNA and rDNA amplified from microscopic miracidia larvae frequently reveals markers from different species. However, the frequency, direction, age, and genomic consequences of hybridization are unknown. We hatched miracidia from eggs and sequenced the exomes from 96 individual S. haematobium miracidia from infected patients from Niger and the Zanzibar archipelago. These data revealed no evidence for contemporary hybridization between S. bovis and S. haematobium in our samples. However, all Nigerien S. haematobium genomes sampled show hybrid ancestry, with 3.3\u20138.2% of their nuclear genomes derived from S. bovis, providing evidence of an ancient introgression event that occurred at least 108\u2013613 generations ago. Some S. bovis-derived alleles have spread to high frequency or reached fixation and show strong signatures of directional selection; the strongest signal spans a single gene in the invadolysin gene family (Chr. 4). Our results suggest that S. bovis\/S. haematobium hybridization occurs rarely but demonstrate profound consequences of ancient introgression from a livestock parasite into the genome of S. haematobium, the most prevalent schistosome species infecting humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msz154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]],"date-time":"2019-06-26T15:11:38Z","timestamp":1561561898000},"page":"2127-2142","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Ancient Hybridization and Adaptive Introgression of an Invadolysin Gene in Schistosome Parasites"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"suffix":"II","given":"Roy N","family":"Platt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"McDew-White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winka","family":"Le Clec\u2019h","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric D","family":"Chevalier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Imperial College London, St Mary\u2019s Campus, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aidan M","family":"Emery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Imperial College London, St Mary\u2019s Campus, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amadou","family":"Garba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R\u00e9seau International Schistosomoses, Environnement, Am\u00e9nagement et Lutte (RISEAL-Niger), Niamey, Niger"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina A","family":"Hamidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R\u00e9seau International Schistosomoses, Environnement, Am\u00e9nagement et Lutte (RISEAL-Niger), Niamey, Niger"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaali M","family":"Ame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Laboratory - Ivo de Carneri, Pemba, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne P","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Imperial College London, St Mary\u2019s Campus, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rollinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Imperial College London, St Mary\u2019s Campus, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie L","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Imperial College London, St Mary\u2019s Campus, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J C","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6052","key":"2019092412015629300_msz154-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209202","article-title":"The shaping of modern human immune systems by multiregional admixture with archaic 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