{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T11:15:31Z","timestamp":1790248531912,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]],"date-time":"2020-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit \u2018Male Germ Cells: from genes to function","award":["DFG CRU326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG CRU326"]}]},{"name":"Marie Sklodowska Curie Initial Training Network Growsperm","award":["EUFP7-PEOPLE-2013-ITN603568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EUFP7-PEOPLE-2013-ITN603568"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The significant rise in male infertility disorders over the years has led to extensive research efforts to recapitulate the process of male gametogenesis in vitro and to identify essential mechanisms involved in spermatogenesis, notably for clinical applications. A promising technology to bridge this research gap is organ-on-chip (OoC) technology, which has gradually transformed the research landscape in ART and offers new opportunities to develop advanced in vitro culture systems. With exquisite control on a cell or tissue microenvironment, customized organ-specific structures can be fabricated in in vitro OoC platforms, which can also simulate the effect of in vivo vascularization. Dynamic cultures using microfluidic devices enable us to create stimulatory effect and non-stimulatory culture conditions. Noteworthy is that recent studies demonstrated the potential of continuous perfusion in OoC systems using ex vivo mouse testis tissues. Here we review the existing literature and potential applications of such OoC systems for male reproduction in combination with novel bio-engineering and analytical tools. We first introduce OoC technology and highlight the opportunities offered in reproductive biology in general. In the subsequent section, we discuss the complex structural and functional organization of the testis and the role of the vasculature-associated testicular niche and fluid dynamics in modulating testis function. Next, we review significant technological breakthroughs in achieving in vitro spermatogenesis in various species and discuss the evidence from microfluidics-based testes culture studies in mouse. Lastly, we discuss a roadmap for the potential applications of the proposed testis-on-chip culture system in the field of primate male infertility, ART and reproductive toxicology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaaa006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]],"date-time":"2020-01-13T12:06:58Z","timestamp":1578917218000},"page":"179-192","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Microfluidics in male reproduction: is ex vivo culture of primate testis tissue a future strategy for ART or toxicology research?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Swati","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastien","family":"Venzac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Burgers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9verine","family":"Le Gac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7571-5313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Schlatt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020032921360119500_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1039\/C4LC00999A","article-title":"Pumpless microfluidic platform for drug testing on human skin equivalents","volume":"15","author":"Abaci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2020032921360119500_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700506","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201700506","article-title":"Organ-on-a-chip platforms: A convergence of advanced materials, cells, and microscale technologies","volume":"7","author":"Ahadian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"2020032921360119500_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2018-00734","article-title":"Hormone production by human first-trimester gonads in a functional in vitro 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