{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T02:27:50Z","timestamp":1785464870924,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Vasectomy is a widely used surgical technique creating an obstructive azoospermia. Although sperm cannot be ejaculated, the testis maintains sperm production in vasectomized males. The continuous accumulation of sperm deposited in the epididymis and the vas deferens fraction necessarily need to be degraded and eliminated. While the elimination process is carried out by granulomas that form after vasectomy, the detailed mechanisms of sperm degradation are still not known. The aim was to assess whether sperm chromatin fragmentation (SCF), a mechanism that degrades the entire sperm genome at the toroid linker regions (TLRs), is activated after vasectomy in sperm cells. We vasectomized mice and evaluated the presence of TLR-specific double-strand breaks through pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and the Comet assay at 1, 2 and 3\u2009weeks after surgery. Results for DNA damage (Olive tail moment) at single-cell level showed an increase of double-strand breaks after vasectomy for vas deferens sperm after 1, 2 and 3 weeks postvasectomy (21.78\u2009\u00b1\u20092.29; 19.71\u2009\u00b1\u20091.79 and 32.59\u2009\u00b1\u20091.81, respectively), compared to mock surgery (7.04\u2009\u00b1\u20091.03; 10.10\u2009\u00b1\u20091.29 and 8.64\u2009\u00b1\u20090.85, respectively; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Similar findings were obtained for cauda epididymis sperm (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), but not for caput epididymis (P\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed the presence of double-stranded breaks between 15 and 145\u2009kb, indicating that DNA breaks were produced mainly in the sperm TLRs. Results presented here suggest that SCF is a mechanism activated in vas deferens after vasectomy to degrade sperm DNA when they cannot be ejaculated, preventing their function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaac029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T13:45:15Z","timestamp":1659707115000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Sperm degradation after vasectomy follows a sperm chromatin fragmentation-dependent mechanism causing DNA breaks in the toroid linker regions"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9101-2044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Ribas-Maynou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona , Girona, Spain"},{"name":"Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona , Girona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, HI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hieu","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, HI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, HI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongwen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, HI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2209-340X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Yeste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona , Girona, Spain"},{"name":"Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona , Girona, Spain"},{"name":"Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) , Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5025-192X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W Steven","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, HI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women\u2019s Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, HI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.3.736","article-title":"Relationship between time period after vasectomy and the reproductive capacity of sperm obtained by epididymal aspiration","volume":"17","author":"Abdelmassih","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020306","article-title":"Male infertility and oxidative stress: a focus on the underlying mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Aitken","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)44228-7","article-title":"Vasectomy: consequences of autoimmunity to sperm antigens","volume":"32","author":"Alexander","year":"1979","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3991(92)90408-C","article-title":"Tip-radius-induced artifacts in AFM images of protamine-complexed DNA fibers","volume":"42\u201344","author":"Allen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ultramicroscopy"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)44305-0","article-title":"Viability of spermatozoa in the human ejaculate after vasectomy","volume":"32","author":"Bedford","year":"1979","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det088","article-title":"microRNA signature is altered in both human epididymis and seminal microvesicles following vasectomy","volume":"28","author":"Belleann\u00e9e","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21549","article-title":"Mouse spermatozoa contain a nuclease that is activated by pretreatment with EGTA and subsequent calcium incubation","volume":"103","author":"Boaz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2019.02.002","article-title":"The obstructive interval predicts pregnancy rates in post-vasectomy patients undergoing ICSI with surgical sperm retrieval","volume":"39","author":"Borges","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021210805867","article-title":"Different intervals between vasectomy and sperm retrieval interfere in the reproductive capacity from vasectomized men","volume":"20","author":"Borges","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.11.006","article-title":"Effect of bovine sperm chromatin integrity evaluated using three different methods on in vitro fertility","volume":"107","author":"Castro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2020.106641","article-title":"Effect of season on individual stallion semen characteristics","volume":"223","author":"Crespo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.008177","article-title":"Effect of vasectomy on gene expression in the epididymis of cynomolgus monkey","volume":"68","author":"Doiron","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21664-1_7","article-title":"Oxidative damage to sperm DNA: attack and defense","volume":"1166","author":"Drevet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.08.045","article-title":"Reliability of the sperm chromatin dispersion assay to evaluate sperm deoxyribonucleic acid damage in men with infertility","volume":"117","author":"Esteves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B15","first-page":"2725","article-title":"Luminal fluid of epididymis and vas deferens contributes to sperm chromatin fragmentation","volume":"30","author":"Gawecka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56385","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056385","article-title":"Mouse zygotes respond to severe sperm DNA damage by delaying paternal DNA replication and embryonic development","volume":"8","author":"Gawecka","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1994.1184","article-title":"A selective procedure for DNA extraction from apoptotic cells applicable for gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry","volume":"218","author":"Gong","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2016.11.019","article-title":"Testicular spermatozoa are of better quality than epididymal spermatozoa in patients with obstructive azoospermia","volume":"103","author":"Hammoud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08162","article-title":"Distinctive chromatin in human sperm packages genes for embryo development","volume":"460","author":"Hammoud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1993.1773","article-title":"Identification of the elemental packing unit of DNA in mammalian sperm cells by atomic force microscopy","volume":"193","author":"Hud","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3581","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.8.3581","article-title":"A constant radius of curvature model for the organization of DNA in toroidal condensates","volume":"92","author":"Hud","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(94)05385-6","article-title":"The immunopathology of unilateral vasectomy in the ram","volume":"47","author":"Jessop","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.031252","article-title":"Sperm survival versus degradation in the Mammalian epididymis: a hypothesis","volume":"71","author":"Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2006.00709.x","article-title":"Epididymal obstruction results in isolated sperm heads in post-vasectomy rats","volume":"30","author":"Khaira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.05190","article-title":"Outcomes for vasovasostomy performed when only sperm parts are present in the vasal fluid","volume":"27","author":"Kolettis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2015.00266","article-title":"The comet assay: past, present, and future","volume":"6","author":"Langie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2004.tb02756.x","article-title":"Vasectomy influences expression of HE1 but not HE2 and HE5 genes in human epididymis","volume":"25","author":"L\u00e9gar\u00e9","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.01.007","article-title":"Vasectomy induces oxidative stress and up-regulates the expression of peroxiredoxins in mouse testis in short and early periods after surgery","volume":"191","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.150038","article-title":"Morphometric study of the testis and reproductive tract (including sperm granuloma) after vasectomy in mature rats","volume":"18","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(00)99006-5","article-title":"Cellular responses to vasectomy","volume":"199","author":"McDonald","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int Rev Cytol"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.21451\/1984-3143-AR816","article-title":"Isolation and identification of proteins from swine sperm chromatin and nuclear matrix","volume":"14","author":"Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Reprod"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.10147","article-title":"Sperm nuclear halos can transform into normal chromosomes after injection into oocytes","volume":"62","author":"Mohar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4541","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02581","article-title":"Chromosome architecture in the decondensing human sperm nucleus","volume":"118","author":"Mudrak","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1990.tb00958.x","article-title":"Presence and distribution of leucocyte subsets in the murine epididymis after vasectomy","volume":"13","author":"Nashan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.11.018","article-title":"Reduced sperm yield from testicular biopsies of vasectomized men is due to increased apoptosis","volume":"87","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2009.01034.x","article-title":"Comparison of spermatogenic damage induced at 6 months after ligation of the vas deferens at proximal and distal locations in the rabbit","volume":"43","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2008.00394.x","article-title":"Effect of vasectomy via inguinal canal on spermatogenesis in rabbits","volume":"10","author":"Peng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13519","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of DNA integrity using sperm chromatin structure assay and Sperm-Ovis-Halomax during in vitro capacitation of cryopreserved ram spermatozoa","volume":"54","author":"Peris-Frau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60922-4","article-title":"Chromatin condensation and DNA damage of human epididymal spermatozoa in obstructive azoospermia","volume":"8","author":"Ramos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10020105","article-title":"Single and double strand sperm DNA damage: different reproductive effects on male fertility","volume":"10","author":"Ribas-Maynou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gat090","article-title":"Double-stranded DNA breaks hidden in the neutral Comet assay suggest a role of the sperm nuclear matrix in DNA integrity maintenance","volume":"20","author":"Ribas-Maynou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719319","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.719319","article-title":"Direct but not indirect methods correlate the percentages of sperm with altered chromatin to the intensity of chromatin damage","volume":"8","author":"Ribas-Maynou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0700575","article-title":"The functional competence of human spermatozoa recovered after vasectomy","volume":"70","author":"Richardson","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2014.05.023","article-title":"Uniformity of nucleosome preservation pattern in mammalian sperm and Its connection to repetitive DNA elements","volume":"30","author":"Samans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21321","article-title":"The sperm nuclear matrix is required for paternal DNA replication","volume":"102","author":"Shaman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65831-4","article-title":"Vasectomy impairs spermatogenesis through germ cell apoptosis mediated by the p53-BAX pathway in rats","volume":"166","author":"Shiraishi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64639-3","article-title":"Activation of mitogen activated protein kinases and apoptosis of germ cells after vasectomy in the rat","volume":"168","author":"Shiraishi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12608","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12608","article-title":"Sperm DNA damage output parameters measured by the alkaline Comet assay and their importance","volume":"49","author":"Simon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.126898","article-title":"The significance of sperm heads and tails within the vasal fluid during vasectomy reversal","volume":"30","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Urol"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21458","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110621200","article-title":"The role of topoisomerase II in the excision of DNA loop domains during apoptosis","volume":"277","author":"Solovyan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2005.tb01095.x","article-title":"An endogenous nuclease in hamster, mouse, and human spermatozoa cleaves DNA into loop-sized fragments","volume":"26","author":"Sotolongo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.020594","article-title":"Ability of hamster spermatozoa to digest their own DNA","volume":"69","author":"Sotolongo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(92)90051-T","article-title":"Vasectomy and spermatic granuloma in hamsters","volume":"45","author":"Sun","year":"1992","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B54","volume-title":"Men's Reproductive and Sexual Health Throughout the Lifespan","author":"Szczygie\u0142","year":"2022"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-10-0176","article-title":"Sperm DNA fragmentation induced by DNAse I and hydrogen peroxide: an in vitro comparative study among different mammalian species","volume":"140","author":"Villani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1071\/RD03072","article-title":"A model for the function of sperm DNA degradation","volume":"16","author":"Ward","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gap080","article-title":"Function of sperm chromatin structural elements in fertilization and development","volume":"16","author":"Ward","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1994.tb01240.x","article-title":"Analysis of spermatozoa from the proximal vas deferens of vasectomized men","volume":"17","author":"Wen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B59","first-page":"61","article-title":"Morphological changes of spermatozoa in proximal vas deferens after vasectomy","volume":"1","author":"Wen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0420385","article-title":"Ultrastructural study of human sperm acrosome during acetic acid extraction of acrosin","volume":"42","author":"Wolff","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2012.154","article-title":"Long-term effect of vasectomy on spermatogenesis in men: a morphometric study","volume":"15","author":"Xiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.107.061473","article-title":"Paternal pronuclear DNA degradation is functionally linked to DNA replication in mouse oocytes","volume":"77","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.106.057067","article-title":"Topoisomerase II-mediated breaks in spermatozoa cause the specific degradation of paternal DNA in fertilized oocytes","volume":"76","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2022090612495024800_gaac029-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22117","article-title":"Asynchronous DNA replication and origin licensing in the mouse one-cell embryo","volume":"107","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"}],"container-title":["Molecular Human Reproduction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/molehr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/molehr\/gaac029\/45275149\/gaac029.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/molehr\/article-pdf\/28\/9\/gaac029\/45718950\/gaac029.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/molehr\/article-pdf\/28\/9\/gaac029\/45718950\/gaac029.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T13:27:20Z","timestamp":1662470840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/molehr\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/molehr\/gaac029\/6656359"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molehr\/gaac029","relation":{},"ISSN":["1460-2407"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1460-2407","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"article-number":"gaac029"}}