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Escherichia coli induces macrophage polarization toward M1 in numerous diseases and differs in the reproductive tract of patients with and without endometriosis; however, its specific role in endometriosis development remains unknown. Therefore, in this study, E. coli was selected as a stimulator to induce macrophages, and its effects on the growth of endometriosis lesions in vitro and in vivo were investigated using C57BL\/6N female mice and endometrial cells. It was revealed that E. coli inhibited the migration and proliferation of co-cultured endometrial cells by IL-1 in vitro and prevented the growth of lesions and induced macrophage polarization toward M1 in vivo. However, this change was counteracted by C\u2013C motif chemokine receptor 2 inhibitors, suggesting that it was associated with bone marrow-derived macrophages. Overall, the presence of E. coli in the abdominal cavity may be a protective factor for endometriosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaad014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T18:48:37Z","timestamp":1682016517000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["<i>Escherichia coli<\/i> inhibits endometriosis by inducing M1 polarity of peritoneal macrophages and the IL-1 signaling pathway"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1824-0702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shumin","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, Shandong, China"},{"name":"Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University , Jinan, Shandong, China"},{"name":"Gynecology Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital , Jinan, Shandong, 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