{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:29:42Z","timestamp":1791286182445,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA254367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA254367"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Uterine leiomyoma (LM), also known as uterine fibroids, are common gynecological tumors and can reach a prevalence of 70% among women by the age of 50\u00a0years. Notably, the LM burden is much higher in Black women with earlier onset, a greater tumor number, size, and severity compared to White women. Published knowledge shows that there are genetic, environmental, and lifestyle-based risk factors associated with racial disparity for LM. Significant strides have been made on genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic data levels in Black and White women to elucidate the underlying pathomolecular reasons of racial disparity in LM development. However, racial disparity of LM remains a major area of concern in gynecological research. This review highlights risk factors of LM and their role in different races. Furthermore, we discuss the genetics and uterine myometrial microenvironment in LM development. Comparative findings revealed that a major racial difference in the disease is linked to myometrial oxidative burden and altered ROS pathways which is relevant to the oxidized guanine in genomic DNA and MED12 mutations that drive the LM genesis. Considering the burden and morbidity of LM, we anticipate that this review on genetic risk and myometrial microenvironment will strengthen understanding and propel the growth of research to address the racial disparity of LM burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaae004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T02:14:13Z","timestamp":1706667253000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Racial disparity in uterine leiomyoma: new insights of genetic and environmental burden in myometrial cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Nazeer H","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9244-8683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ross","family":"McNally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9834-8213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J Julie","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0281-2793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Jun","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9110735","article-title":"Role of reactive oxygen species in cancer progression: molecular mechanisms and recent advancements","volume":"9","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2015.00241","article-title":"Evaluation of GWAS candidate susceptibility loci for uterine leiomyoma in the multi-ethnic NIEHS uterine fibroid study","volume":"6","author":"Aissani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2008283","article-title":"Treatment of uterine fibroid symptoms with relugolix combination therapy","volume":"384","author":"Al-Hendy","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.01.052","article-title":"Ethnic distribution of estrogen receptor-alpha polymorphism is associated with a higher prevalence of uterine leiomyomas in Black Americans","volume":"86","author":"Al-Hendy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B5","first-page":"8","article-title":"Dynamics of urinary oxidative stress biomarkers: 8-hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine and 8-isoprostane in uterine leiomyomas","volume":"7","author":"Asare","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mid-Life Health"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3390\/reprodmed1020008","article-title":"Race, socioeconomic status, and sex hormones among male and female American adolescents","volume":"1","author":"Assari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Med"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.99","article-title":"High cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma in Black and White women: ultrasound evidence","volume":"188","author":"Baird","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000578","article-title":"The role of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in uterine fibroid pathogenesis","volume":"27","author":"Bariani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B9","first-page":"1336","article-title":"Inpatient surgical treatment patterns for patients with uterine fibroids in the United States, 1998-2002","volume":"97","author":"Becker","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03747-1","article-title":"Deficient H2A. Z deposition is associated with genesis of uterine leiomyoma","volume":"596","author":"Berta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2013.243","article-title":"MED12 and HMGA2 mutations: two independent genetic events in uterine leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma","volume":"27","author":"Bertsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32152","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M706592200","article-title":"Mediator subunit MED28 (Magicin) is a repressor of smooth muscle cell differentiation","volume":"282","author":"Beyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2014.00053","article-title":"Signaling pathways in leiomyoma: understanding pathobiology and implications for therapy","volume":"21","author":"Borahay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.09.018","article-title":"Admixture mapping of uterine fibroid size and number in African American women","volume":"108","author":"Bray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.04.035","article-title":"Transethnic and race-stratified genome-wide association study of fibroid characteristics in African American and European American women","volume":"110","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S80","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2013.179","article-title":"The role of cytogenetics and molecular diagnostics in the diagnosis of soft-tissue tumors","volume":"27","author":"Bridge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1209993","article-title":"Uterine fibroids","volume":"369","author":"Bulun","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B19","first-page":"4057","article-title":"Engineered MED12 mutations drive uterine fibroid-like transcriptional and metabolic programs by altering the 3D genome compartmentalization","volume":"14","author":"Buyukcelebi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res Sq"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5920","article-title":"Integrative analysis of the DNA methylome and transcriptome in uterine leiomyoma shows altered regulation of genes involved in metabolism, proliferation, extracellular matrix, and vesicles","volume":"257","author":"Carbajo-Garc\u00eda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.12.002","article-title":"The estimated annual cost of uterine leiomyomata in the United States","volume":"206","author":"Cardozo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7955","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34922-1","article-title":"DNA methylation variations and epigenetic aging in telomere biology disorders","volume":"13","author":"Carlund","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.08.049","article-title":"Proceedings from the national institute of child health and human development conference on the uterine fibroid research update workshop","volume":"95","author":"Catherino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.805","article-title":"A genome-wide association study identifies three loci associated with susceptibility to uterine fibroids","volume":"43","author":"Cha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xfnr.2022.07.004","article-title":"Why are Black individuals disproportionately burdened with uterine fibroids and how are we examining the disparity? A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Charifson","year":"2022","journal-title":"F&S Reviews"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)48474-8","article-title":"8-Hydroxyguanine, an abundant form of oxidative DNA damage, causes GT and AC substitutions","volume":"267","author":"Cheng","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122153","article-title":"Blood DNA methylation sites, smoking and risk of lung cancer","volume":"334","author":"Domingo-Relloso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmw023","article-title":"Uterine fibroid management: from the present to the future","volume":"22","author":"Donnez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-013-1306-3","article-title":"BET1L and TNRC6B associate with uterine fibroid risk among European Americans","volume":"132","author":"Edwards","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.08.008","article-title":"The health disparities of uterine fibroid tumors for African American women: a public health issue","volume":"210","author":"Eltoukhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-8062.2011.00264.x","article-title":"Racial differences in oxidative stress and inflammation: in vitro and in vivo","volume":"4","author":"Feairheller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.06.023","article-title":"Expanding upon the human myometrial stem cell hypothesis and the role of race, hormones, age, and parity in a profibroid environment","volume":"188","author":"Fernung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.04.015","article-title":"Oxidative stress: a key regulator of leiomyoma cell survival","volume":"107","author":"Fletcher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glad026","article-title":"Mortality associations with DNA methylation-based biological aging and physical functioning measures across a 20-year follow-up period","volume":"78","author":"F\u00f6hr","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(00)00358-0","article-title":"The level of typical biomarker of oxidative stress 8-hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine is higher in uterine myomas than in control tissues and correlates with the size of the tumor","volume":"29","author":"Foksinski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2019.02.011","article-title":"The weathering hypothesis as an explanation for racial disparities in health: a systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Forde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2018.07.007","article-title":"HMGA2 and MED12 alterations frequently co-occur in uterine leiomyomas","volume":"150","author":"Galindo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.060749","article-title":"\u201cWeathering\u201d and age patterns of allostatic load scores among Blacks and Whites in the United States","volume":"96","author":"Geronimus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000219","article-title":"Management of fibroids in perimenopausal women","volume":"27","author":"Giannubilo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B40","volume-title":"Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) Results","author":"Global Burden of Disease Collaborator Network","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac183","article-title":"Single-cell sequencing reveals novel cellular heterogeneity in uterine leiomyomas","volume":"37","author":"Goad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-11-0605","article-title":"Environmental estrogens differentially engage the histone methyltransferase EZH2 to increase risk of uterine tumorigenesis","volume":"10","author":"Greathouse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Res"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2018.09.012","article-title":"Hydropic leiomyoma: a distinct variant of leiomyoma closely related to HMGA2 overexpression","volume":"84","author":"Griffin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B44","first-page":"125","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D supplementation on the size of uterine leiomyoma in women with vitamin D deficiency","volume":"10","author":"Hajhashemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Caspian J Intern Med"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B45","volume-title":"Management of Uterine Fibroids","author":"Hartmann"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-021-00473-x","article-title":"Frequency of MED12 mutation in relation to tumor and patient\u2019s clinical characteristics: a meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-017-1836-1","article-title":"A multi-stage genome-wide association study of uterine fibroids in African Americans","volume":"136","author":"Hellwege","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113360","article-title":"Gaseous air pollutants and DNA methylation in a methylome-wide association study of an ethnically and environmentally diverse population of US adults","volume":"212","author":"Holliday","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B49","first-page":"286","article-title":"The burden of uterine fibroids from the perspective of US women participating in open-ended interviews","volume":"3","author":"Hunsche","year":"2022","journal-title":"Womens Health Rep (New Rochelle)"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0215646","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215646","article-title":"Evidence of biomechanical and collagen heterogeneity in uterine fibroids","volume":"14","author":"Jayes","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1177\/1947601910393957","article-title":"DNA methylation: superior or subordinate in the epigenetic hierarchy?","volume":"2","author":"Jin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes Cancer"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1470_21","article-title":"The association between chronic endometritis and uterine fibroids","volume":"11","author":"Kabodmehri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.22612","article-title":"Mutations in Exon 1 highlight the role of MED12 in uterine leiomyomas","volume":"35","author":"Kampjarvi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Mutat"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.023","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and uterine fibroids","volume":"106","author":"Katz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-017-4515-5","article-title":"Epigenetic and genetic landscape of uterine leiomyomas: a current view over a common gynecological disease","volume":"296","author":"Lagan\u00e0","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-8258(03)00194-X","article-title":"DNA hypomethylation and imbalanced expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, 3A, and 3B) in human uterine leiomyoma","volume":"90","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dead020","article-title":"Racial differences in transcriptomics and reactive oxygen species burden in myometrium and leiomyoma","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-022-00852-0","article-title":"Myometrial oxidative stress drives MED12 mutations in leiomyoma","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66632","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066632","article-title":"Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis reveals a potential mechanism for the pathogenesis and development of uterine leiomyomas","volume":"8","author":"Maekawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.370","article-title":"MED12 exon 2 mutations are common in uterine leiomyomas from South African patients","volume":"2","author":"Makinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-017-0672-1","article-title":"Characterization of MED12, HMGA2, and FH alterations reveals molecular variability in uterine smooth muscle tumors","volume":"16","author":"M\u00e4kinen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1208930","article-title":"MED12, the mediator complex subunit 12 gene, is mutated at high frequency in uterine leiomyomas","volume":"334","author":"M\u00e4kinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B63","first-page":"39","article-title":"The etiopathogenesis of uterine fibromatosis","volume":"9","author":"Manta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Life"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.116.143461","article-title":"Role of Stro1+\/CD44+ stem cells in myometrial physiology and uterine remodeling during pregnancy","volume":"96","author":"Mas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2519","article-title":"Developmental exposure to endocrine disruptors expands murine myometrial stem cell compartment as a prerequisite to leiomyoma tumorigenesis","volume":"35","author":"Mas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1302736","article-title":"Characterization of uterine leiomyomas by whole-genome sequencing","volume":"369","author":"Mehine","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116413","article-title":"Genome-wide DNA methylation sequencing identifies epigenetic perturbations in the upper airways under long-term exposure to moderate levels of ambient air pollution","volume":"233","author":"Messingschlager","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B68","first-page":"2843","article-title":"Uterine fibroids treatment: do we have new valid alternative? Experiencing the combination of vitamin D plus epigallocatechin gallate in childbearing age affected women","volume":"25","author":"Miriello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmac008","article-title":"Epigenomic and enhancer dysregulation in uterine leiomyomas","volume":"28","author":"Mlodawska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B70","first-page":"246","article-title":"Role of epigenetics in biology and human diseases","volume":"20","author":"Moosavi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran Biomed J"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2011.0117","article-title":"Differences in systemic oxidative stress based on race and the metabolic syndrome: the Morehouse and Emory Team up to Eliminate Health Disparities (META-Health) study","volume":"10","author":"Morris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metab Syndr Relat Disord"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a001008","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a001008","article-title":"TP53 mutations in human cancers: origins, consequences, and clinical use","volume":"2","author":"Olivier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-019-0795-1","article-title":"Myometrial progesterone hyper-responsiveness associated with increased risk of human uterine fibroids","volume":"19","author":"Omar","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17053","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1313650110","article-title":"Paracrine activation of WNT\/beta-catenin pathway in uterine leiomyoma stem cells promotes tumor growth","volume":"110","author":"Ono","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.014","article-title":"Molecular genetics and racial disparities of uterine leiomyomas","volume":"22","author":"Othman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4283","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00863","article-title":"Mediator kinase disruption in MED12-mutant uterine fibroids from hispanic women of South Texas","volume":"103","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e160274","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.160274","article-title":"Transcriptome and DNA methylome analyses reveal underlying mechanisms for the racial disparity in uterine fibroids","volume":"7","author":"Paul","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2019.12.013","article-title":"The genomics of oxidative DNA damage, repair, and resulting mutagenesis","volume":"18","author":"Poetsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-015-3943-8","article-title":"The study of MED12 gene mutations in uterine leiomyomas from Iranian patients","volume":"37","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tumour Biol"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58066-8","article-title":"Identification of a novel uterine leiomyoma GWAS locus in a Japanese population","volume":"10","author":"Sakai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cancergencyto.2004.08.025","article-title":"Updates on the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft tissue tumors: leiomyoma","volume":"158","author":"Sandberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Genet Cytogenet"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72069","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072069","article-title":"Increased serum oxidative stress markers in women with uterine leiomyoma","volume":"8","author":"Santulli","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1904351","article-title":"Elagolix for heavy menstrual bleeding in women with uterine fibroids","volume":"382","author":"Schlaff","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8895","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1206023","article-title":"Oxidative nucleotide damage: consequences and prevention","volume":"21","author":"Sekiguchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.048124","article-title":"Myometrial apoptosis: activation of the caspase cascade in the pregnant rat myometrium at midgestation","volume":"74","author":"Shynlova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-061516-045037","article-title":"Oxidative stress","volume":"86","author":"Sies","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.06.117","article-title":"Environmental exposures, toxicologic mechanisms, and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"192","author":"Silbergeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1411029","article-title":"Clinical practice. Uterine fibroids","volume":"372","author":"Stewart","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2015.11.018","article-title":"The epidemiology and genetics of uterine leiomyoma","volume":"34","author":"Styer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1170116","article-title":"Conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mammalian DNA by MLL partner TET1","volume":"324","author":"Tahiliani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac136","article-title":"Genome-wide causal mediation analysis identifies genetic loci associated with uterine fibroids mediated by age at menarche","volume":"37","author":"Tai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031066","article-title":"Uterine fibroids and diet","volume":"18","author":"Tinelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.10.003","article-title":"17beta-estradiol directly lowers mitochondrial membrane microviscosity and improves bioenergetic function in skeletal muscle","volume":"27","author":"Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2023.01.009","article-title":"Inherited mutations affecting the SRCAP complex are central in moderate-penetrance predisposition to uterine leiomyomas","volume":"110","author":"V\u00e4lim\u00e4ki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000788","article-title":"Pervasive discrimination and allostatic load in African American and White Adults","volume":"82","author":"Van Dyke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B96","first-page":"663","article-title":"Family history as a risk factor for development of uterine leiomyomas. Results of a pilot study","volume":"47","author":"Van Voorhis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2021.01.001","article-title":"Black women\u2019s psychosocial experiences with seeking surgical treatment for uterine fibroids: implications for clinical practice","volume":"31","author":"VanNoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1601132","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1601132","article-title":"Dysfunctional MnSOD leads to redox dysregulation and activation of prosurvival AKT signaling in uterine leiomyomas","volume":"2","author":"Vidimar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B99","first-page":"345","article-title":"An overview on the multitude of factors promoting and symptoms associated with the incidence of uterine Leiomyoma among women of reproductive years","volume-title":"IJBAR","author":"Vijayan","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200107000-00003","article-title":"DNA methylation: an alternative pathway to cancer","volume":"234","author":"Wajed","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01211-8","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of aging: implications for interventions of aging and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21766","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000021766","article-title":"Prevalence and occult rates of uterine leiomyosarcoma","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab095","article-title":"A prospective cohort study of ambient air pollution exposure and risk of uterine leiomyomata","volume":"36","author":"Wesselink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.04.041","article-title":"A prospective ultrasound study of cigarette smoking and uterine leiomyomata incidence and growth","volume":"229","author":"Wesselink","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12172.1","article-title":"Uterine fibroids\u2013what\u2019s new?","volume":"6","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-008-9185-0","article-title":"Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research","volume":"32","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000164","article-title":"Epidemiology of uterine fibroids\u2013from menarche to menopause","volume":"59","author":"Wise","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181567e92","article-title":"Perceived racial discrimination and risk of uterine leiomyomata","volume":"18","author":"Wise","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh016","article-title":"Reproductive factors, hormonal contraception, and risk of uterine leiomyomata in African-American women: a prospective study","volume":"159","author":"Wise","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052720","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation in uterine fibroids\u2014the role of ten-eleven translocation enzymes and their potential therapeutic application","volume":"23","author":"W\u0142odarczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-018-0117-5","article-title":"Application of ex-vivo spheroid model system for the analysis of senescence and senolytic phenotypes in uterine leiomyoma","volume":"98","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gap010","article-title":"Aberrant DNA methylation status in human uterine leiomyoma","volume":"15","author":"Yamagata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11641","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411641","article-title":"Epigenetic modulation of inflammatory pathways in myometrial stem cells and risk of uterine fibroids","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719115584449","article-title":"The mechanism and function of epigenetics in uterine leiomyoma development","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B115","first-page":"260","article-title":"Latest evidence in the pathogenesis of uterine fibroids","volume":"16","author":"Yap","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Trends Biotechnol Pharm"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2019.03.012","article-title":"Racial disparities, cancer and response to oxidative stress","volume":"144","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Cancer Res"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10130","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210130","article-title":"DNA methylation in alcohol use disorder","volume":"24","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2011.02.015","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS)\u2013\u2013induced genetic and epigenetic alterations in human carcinogenesis","volume":"711","author":"Ziech","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"2024030102400988300_gaae004-B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2021-207830","article-title":"Gene of the month: FH","volume":"74","author":"Zyla","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"}],"container-title":["Molecular Human Reproduction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/molehr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/molehr\/gaae004\/56485367\/gaae004.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/molehr\/article-pdf\/30\/3\/gaae004\/56809344\/gaae004.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/molehr\/article-pdf\/30\/3\/gaae004\/56809344\/gaae004.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T02:41:08Z","timestamp":1709260868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/molehr\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/molehr\/gaae004\/7593754"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molehr\/gaae004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1460-2407"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1460-2407","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"article-number":"gaae004"}}