{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T19:25:48Z","timestamp":1784057148318,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon, one of the major symptoms of systemic sclerosis (SSc), is difficult to treat. Although it is empirically considered that warming is a beneficial technique, there is no supportive evidence. We conducted a multicentre study to evaluate whether continuous heating of the arm alleviates Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon in SSc.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A pair of disposable warmers was applied to the upper arm near the elbow of patients with SSc. Two weeks of non-warmer application were followed by 2\u2009weeks of warmer application, which was repeated twice. The Raynaud Condition Score (RCS), number of episodes, and duration of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon were recorded. The differences in the mean RCS, frequency, and duration of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon between the warmer application and non-application periods were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Twenty-eight patients were included in the analysis. The average RCS was 1.98 and 2.66 during the warmer application and non-application periods, respectively. The change between the two periods was statistically significant by paired t-test. In addition, the frequency and total duration of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon in the warmer application period were significantly lower than those in the non-application period.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Heating of the upper arm near the elbow is effective in alleviating Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon in SSc.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/mr\/roac116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T10:26:11Z","timestamp":1663669571000},"page":"968-974","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Arm heating to relieve Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon in systemic sclerosis: A single-arm multicentre prospective clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8451-9501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akane","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Thermo-therapeutics for Vascular Dysfunction, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2523-2938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihito","family":"Shima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Thermo-therapeutics for Vascular Dysfunction, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine , Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Akiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ogawa Red Cross Hospital , Saitama, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Applied Immunology, Saitama Medical University , Saitama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masanari","family":"Kodera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Japan Community Health Care Organization Chukyo Hospital , Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masatoshi","family":"Jinnin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University Graduate School of Medicine , Wakayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoto","family":"Azuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, Hyogo Medical University School of Medicine , Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Oita Red Cross Hospital , Oita, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Kumanogoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka, 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