{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T01:19:53Z","timestamp":1788830393360,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There is a need for more specific biomarkers to diagnose and predict disease course in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). This study aimed to study immunological plasma biomarkers at different time-points in radiographic (r)-axSpA patients overall and stratified by sex and compare these biomarker patterns in r-axSpA patients concerning disease phenotypes and disease activity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Plasma samples were analysed from r-axSpA patients at and prior (Pre-Backbone) inclusion in the Backbone study. Interferon gamma, interleukin-10, -17A, -17F, -22, -23, -6, MCP-1, TNF-\u03b1, VEGF-A, MIF, IgA anti-CD74, zonulin, ESR, hsCRP, white blood cell count, and blood lipids were measured.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Biomarker pattern discriminated significantly between r-axSpA patients in Backbone and Pre-Backbone compared with controls. When stratifying by sex, it was possible to discriminate between male and female r-axSpA patients in Backbone vs controls and between male r-axSpA patients in pre-Backbone and controls. In Backbone, markers with high discriminative capacity were MIF, IgA anti-CD74, and MCP-1. In Pre-Backbone, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, MIF, triglycerides, cholesterol, IL-10, and zonulin displayed high discriminative capacity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Based on their temporal pattern and mutual relationship, we suggest studying MIF, IgA anti-CD74, and MCP-1 in depth, at more time points, to further elucidate disease-driving mechanisms in this complex disease.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/mr\/roae039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T05:05:24Z","timestamp":1714971924000},"page":"134-143","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Immunological biomarkers in patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis, an exploratory longitudinal Swedish study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3822-0725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urban","family":"Hellman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Rheumatology, Ume\u00e5 University , Ume\u00e5,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Ume\u00e5 University , Ume\u00e5,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Lejon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Ume\u00e5 University , Ume\u00e5,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Rheumatology, Ume\u00e5 University , Ume\u00e5,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0529-7723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mats","family":"Geijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lund University , Lund,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xenofon","family":"Baraliakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet , Herne,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical School Hannover , Hannover,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Forsblad-d\u2019Elia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Rheumatology, Ume\u00e5 University , Ume\u00e5,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025020515453460800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780270401","article-title":"Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis. A proposal for modification of the New York criteria","volume":"27","author":"van der Linden","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60071-8","article-title":"Spondyloarthritis","volume":"377","author":"Dougados","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215707","article-title":"Do patients with axial spondyloarthritis with radiographic sacroiliitis fulfil both the modified New York criteria and the ASAS axial spondyloarthritis criteria? Results from eight cohorts","volume":"78","author":"Boel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez090","article-title":"Determinants of diagnostic delay in axial spondyloarthritis: an analysis based on linked claims and patient-reported survey data","volume":"58","author":"Redeker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4397-3","article-title":"Axial spondyloarthritis in the USA: diagnostic challenges and missed opportunities","volume":"38","author":"Danve","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.133","article-title":"Genetics of ankylosing spondylitis\u2014insights into pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31591-4","article-title":"Axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"390","author":"Sieper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0450-0","article-title":"Biomarker development for axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X20934277","article-title":"An update on serum biomarkers to assess axial spondyloarthritis and to guide treatment decision","volume":"12","author":"Lorenzin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.565275","article-title":"Innate lymphocytes in inflammatory arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.637829","article-title":"Role of the IL-23\/IL-17 pathway in rheumatic diseases: an overview","volume":"12","author":"Schinocca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2021.05.003","article-title":"Snake venom vascular endothelial growth factors (svVEGFs): unravelling their molecular structure, functions, and research potential","volume":"60","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.12.002","article-title":"Anti-CD74 antibodies in spondyloarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202208","article-title":"Autoantibodies against CD74 in spondyloarthritis","volume":"73","author":"Baerlecken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4085","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa882","article-title":"Anti-CD74 IgA autoantibodies in radiographic axial spondyloarthritis; a longitudinal Swedish study","volume":"60","author":"Do","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16799","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906773106","article-title":"Identification of human zonulin, a physiological modulator of tight junctions, as prehaptoglobin-2","volume":"106","author":"Tripathi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20364","article-title":"Cardiovascular profile in ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Mathieu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.200146","article-title":"Biomechanical properties of common carotid arteries assessed by circumferential 2D strain and beta stiffness index in patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"48","author":"Forsblad-d\u2019Elia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v3i0.4643","article-title":"The Vasterbotten Intervention Programme: background, design and implications","volume":"3","author":"Norberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii1","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.104018","article-title":"The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis","volume":"68","author":"Sieper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheumatic Dis"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.020503","article-title":"Assessment of outcome in ankylosing spondylitis: an extended radiographic scoring system","volume":"64","author":"Creemers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-021-04015-9","article-title":"Multiblock variable influence on orthogonal projections (MB-VIOP) for enhanced interpretation of total, global, local and unique variations in OnPLS models","volume":"22","author":"Galindo-Prieto","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0238-2","article-title":"The immunobiology of MIF: function, genetics and prospects for precision medicine","volume":"15","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1200","article-title":"Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: a regulator of innate immunity","volume":"3","author":"Calandra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3942","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30624","article-title":"Dual effect of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene on the development and severity of human systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"63","author":"Sreih","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02442-w","article-title":"Macrophage migration inhibitory factor may play a protective role in osteoarthritis","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R27","first-page":"927","article-title":"Macrophage migration inhibitory factor upregulates angiogenic factors and correlates with clinical measures in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-009-0230-9","article-title":"Evaluation of inflammation and oxidative stress in ankylosing spondylitis: a role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor","volume":"20","author":"Kozaci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-022-05173-6","article-title":"Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and IgA anti CD74 antibodies in Indian patients with enthesitis-related arthritis category of Juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"43","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40175","article-title":"Macrophage migration inhibitory factor induces inflammation and predicts spinal progression in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"69","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E403","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0417","article-title":"Macrophage migration inhibitory factor elicits an angiogenic phenotype in human ectopic endometrial cells and triggers the production of major angiogenic factors via CD44, CD74, and MAPK signaling pathways","volume":"95","author":"Veillat","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R32","article-title":"Macrophage migration inhibitor factor upregulates MCP-1 expression in an autocrine manner in hepatocytes during acute mouse liver injury","volume":"6","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107598","article-title":"MCP-1: function, regulation, and involvement in disease","volume":"101","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-019-04465-w","article-title":"Elevated circulating T cell subsets and cytokines expression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"38","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4716","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2020.11543","article-title":"Cytokines CCL2 and CXCL1 may be potential novel predictors of early bone loss","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e3181e15cc8","article-title":"Serum monocyte chemotactic protein-1 concentrations distinguish patients with ankylosing spondylitis from patients with mechanical low back pain","volume":"24","author":"Romero-Sanchez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-016-1489-x","article-title":"MCP1 triggers monocyte dysfunctions during abnormal osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"95","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-019-2018-4","article-title":"A distinct gut microbiota composition in patients with ankylosing spondylitis is associated with increased levels of fecal calprotectin","volume":"21","author":"Klingberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-022-02853-3","article-title":"Distinctive gut microbiomes of ankylosing spondylitis and inflammatory bowel disease patients suggest differing roles in pathogenesis and correlate with disease activity","volume":"24","author":"Sternes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210000","article-title":"Dysbiosis and zonulin upregulation alter gut epithelial and vascular barriers in patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"76","author":"Ciccia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R41","first-page":"488","article-title":"Interleukin-22 drives the proliferation, migration and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells: a novel cytokine that could contribute to new bone formation in spondyloarthropathies","volume":"56","author":"El-Zayadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.13190","article-title":"Increased proportions of inflammatory T cells and their correlations with cytokines and clinical parameters in patients with ankylosing spondylitis from northern Sweden","volume":"96","author":"Lejon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.021","article-title":"SnapShot: innate lymphoid cells","volume":"39","author":"Sonnenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.01.033","article-title":"Human mast cells are major IL-22 producers in patients with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis","volume":"136","author":"Mashiko","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2025020515453460800_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-013-0608-1","article-title":"Interleukin-22 produced by alveolar macrophages during activation of the innate immune response","volume":"62","author":"Hansson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"}],"container-title":["Modern Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/mr\/roae039\/57726570\/roae039.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mr\/article-pdf\/35\/1\/134\/57726570\/roae039.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mr\/article-pdf\/35\/1\/134\/57726570\/roae039.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T15:45:53Z","timestamp":1738770353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mr\/article\/35\/1\/134\/7665187"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mr\/roae039","relation":{},"ISSN":["1439-7595","1439-7609"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1439-7595","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-7609","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]]}}}