{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:29:12Z","timestamp":1780619352951,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the status of the global standardization of, and prefectural differences in, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) treatments in Japan.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan (NDB Japan) was used. A patient with SLE was defined as having a disease with ICD-10 code M321 or M329 between April 2019 and March 2020, for which oral corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, or biologic agents were prescribed at least once during a given month. SLE treatments were evaluated by treatment centre type and prefecture.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In total, 74,277 patients met the definition of SLE. The SLE prevalence was 60 per 100,000 (range: 47\u2013102 per 100,000 by prefecture). Nationwide, 79.4% of the patients (range: 52.1\u201393.3% by prefecture) visited a specialized treatment centre (STC); 37.4% (range: 26.4\u201351.3% by prefecture) received only oral corticosteroids, with fewer of these patients visiting an STC than a non-STC (34.8% and 49.7%, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001); and 21.4% (range: 10.7\u201335.0%) received hydroxychloroquine, with more of these patients visiting an STC than a non-STC (23.0% and 13.5%; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The NDB Japan demonstrated the delayed global standardization of, and prefectural disparity in, SLE treatments in Japan.<\/jats:p>\n               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