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Glutathione (GSH) and two phytochelatins (PC2 and PC3, small peptides with different numbers of free thiols) were employed as model ligands and attached to hydrophilic beads. The principle of the assay resembles that of affinity purification of proteins in biochemistry: metals binding to the ligand on the beads and the rest in the buffer are separated by a spin column and quantified by ICP-OES. The binding assay using the GSH-attached beads and various metal(loid)s suggested the different affinity of the metal\u2013GSH interactions, in accordance with the order of the Irving\u2013Williams series and the reported stability constants. The binding assay using PC2 or PC3-attached beads suggested positive binding between PCs and Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and As(III) in accordance with the number of thiols in PC2 and PC3. We then conducted the competition assay using Cd(II), Mn(II), Fe(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II), and the results suggested\u00a0a better binding affinity of PC2 with Cd(II) than with the essential metals. Another competition assay using PC2 and GSH suggested a robust binding affinity between PCs and Cd(II) compared to GSH and Cd(II). These results suggested the dominance of PC-Cd complex formation in vitro, supporting the physiological importance of PCs for the detoxification of cadmium in vivo. We also discuss the potential application of the assay.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mtomcs\/mfab068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T07:08:30Z","timestamp":1637910510000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Development of affinity bead\u2013based\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    metal\u2013ligand binding assay reveals dominant cadmium affinity of thiol-rich small peptides phytochelatins beyond glutathione"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1724-8435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shimpei","family":"Uraguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6813-975X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenichiro","family":"Nagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumii","family":"Naruse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuto","family":"Otsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3133-1577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuka","family":"Ohshiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9220-5825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasukazu","family":"Takanezawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6150-5481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masako","family":"Kiyono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7257","key":"2021122111221533200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08300","article-title":"Metalloproteins and metal sensing","volume":"460","author":"Waldron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021122111221533200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00775-008-0404-5","article-title":"Metal ions in biological catalysis: from enzyme databases to general principles","volume":"13","author":"Andreini","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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