{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T01:42:42Z","timestamp":1769737362738,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003419","name":"Ghana Education Trust Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003419","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Colorectal cancer is a global killer that causes approximately 940 thousand deaths annually. Terminalia ivorensis (TI) is a tropical tree, the bark of which is used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes, malaria, and ulcer. This study investigated TI as a potential anticancer agent in human colon cells in vitro. TI was extracted sequentially with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH and FRAP, and differential effects on cell viability, growth, DNA damage, DNA repair, and migration were measured in human colon cancer cells (CaCo-2) and\/or non-cancerous human colonocytes (NCM460). The TI phytochemicals most strongly associated with these effects were identified by partial least-squares discriminant analysis. DPPH and FRAP activity was highest in TI ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts (P\u2005=\u2005.001). All TI extracts significantly inhibited cell viability and growth and induced DNA damage and inhibited DNA repair in both cell models. The majority of TI extracts were significantly (P\u2005=\u2005.01) more toxic to cancer cells than non-cancerous colonocytes. DNA repair was significantly (P\u2005=\u2005.001) inhibited in CaCo-2 cells by ethyl acetate extract compared with NCM460 cells. Migration was also significantly inhibited (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001) in CaCo-2 by ethyl acetate (80%) and ethanol extracts (75%). Specific benzoic acids, flavonoids, and phenols were identified to be strongly associated with these effects. TI displayed strong antioxidant activity and specific anticancer effects by inducing cell death and DNA damage, and by inhibiting DNA repair, cell proliferation, and migration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/geae026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T15:24:14Z","timestamp":1729524254000},"page":"498-511","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["<i>Terminalia ivorensis<\/i> demonstrates antioxidant properties and alters proliferation, genomic instability, and migration of human colon cancer cells <i>in vitro<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3559-0584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliu","family":"Moomin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University , Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel M","family":"Knott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University , Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy R","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary P","family":"Moyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INCELL Corporation LLC , 12734 Cimarron Path, San Antonio, TX 78249 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan J","family":"Duthie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University , Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082905471348100_CIT0001","article-title":"Global Health Estimates 2020: deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and by region","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025082905471348100_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2020.604492","article-title":"Proteomics of colorectal cancer: tumors, organoids, and cell cultures\u2014a minireview","volume":"7","author":"Lindhorst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"2025082905471348100_CIT0003","first-page":"104","article-title":"Anticancer potential of plants and natural products","volume":"1","author":"Prakash","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"2025082905471348100_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2014.00020","article-title":"Cancer wars: natural products strike back","volume":"2","author":"Basmadjian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Chem"},{"key":"2025082905471348100_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.139750","article-title":"Natural products against cancer: a comprehensive bibliometric study of the research projects, publications, patents and drugs","volume":"10","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Ther"},{"key":"2025082905471348100_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.155895","article-title":"Naturally occurring products in cancer therapy","volume":"7","author":"Rajesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci"},{"key":"2025082905471348100_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-023-04144-8","article-title":"Season, storage and extraction method impact on the phytochemical profile of terminalia ivorensis","volume":"23","author":"Moomin","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol"},{"key":"2025082905471348100_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5455\/jice.20121205083931","article-title":"Antifungal activities of Terminalia ivorensis A. 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