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In human mitochondria, YrdC synthesises an l-threonylcarbamoyl adenylate (TC-AMP) intermediate, and OSGEPL1 transfers the TC-moiety to five tRNAs, including human mitochondrial tRNAThr (hmtRNAThr). Mutation of hmtRNAs, YrdC and OSGEPL1, affecting efficient t6A modification, has been implicated in various human diseases. However, little is known about the tRNA recognition mechanism in t6A formation in human mitochondria. Herein, we showed that OSGEPL1 is a monomer and is unique in utilising C34 as an anti-determinant by studying the contributions of individual bases in the anticodon loop of hmtRNAThr to t6A modification. OSGEPL1 activity was greatly enhanced by introducing G38A in hmtRNAIle or the A28:U42 base pair in a chimeric tRNA containing the anticodon stem of hmtRNASer(AGY), suggesting that sequences of specific hmtRNAs are fine-tuned for different modification levels. Moreover, using purified OSGEPL1, we identified multiple acetylation sites, and OSGEPL1 activity was readily affected by acetylation via multiple mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, we systematically elucidated the nucleotide requirement in the anticodon loop of hmtRNAs, and revealed mechanisms involving tRNA sequence optimisation and post-translational protein modification that determine t6A modification levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T12:10:32Z","timestamp":1580904632000},"page":"3181-3194","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Molecular basis for t6A modification in human mitochondria"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Jing-Bo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China"},{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Hai Ke Road, Shanghai 201210, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi-Yu","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Xin","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, College of Science, Purdue University, 150 N. 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