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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) constitute a class of ubiquitously expressed enzymes that control cellular protein homeostasis. Here, we found the activity of human mitochondrial (mt) threonyl-tRNA synthetase (hmtThrRS) is resistant to oxidative stress (H2O2) but profoundly sensitive to nitrosative stress (S-nitrosoglutathione, GSNO). Further study showed four Cys residues in hmtThrRS were modified by S-nitrosation upon GSNO treatment, and one residue was one of synthetic active sites. We analyzed the effect of modification at individual Cys residue on aminoacylation and editing activities of hmtThrRS in vitro and found that both activities were decreased. We further confirmed that S-nitrosation of mtThrRS could be readily detected in vivo in both human cells and various mouse tissues, and we systematically identified dozens of S-nitrosation-modified sites in most aaRSs, thus establishing both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic aaRS species with S-nitrosation ex vivo and in vivo, respectively. Interestingly, a decrease in the S-nitrosation modification level of mtThrRS was observed in a Huntington disease mouse model. Overall, our results establish, for the first time, a comprehensive S-nitrosation-modified aaRS network and a previously unknown mechanism on the basis of the inhibitory effect of S-nitrosation on hmtThrRS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,22]],"date-time":"2020-05-22T11:53:29Z","timestamp":1590148409000},"page":"6799-6810","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Nitrosative stress inhibits aminoacylation and editing activities of mitochondrial threonyl-tRNA synthetase by S-nitrosation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Wen-Qiang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China"},{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhe","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhua","family":"Qiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3657-1166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"En-Duo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China"},{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3701-5965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao-Long","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020070614045420300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.69.1.617","article-title":"Aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis","volume":"69","author":"Ibba","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. 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