{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:06:35Z","timestamp":1788519995733,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21877064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21877064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91953115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91953115"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006606","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20JCZDJC00830"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20JCZDJC00830"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University","award":["63181206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["63181206"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>DNA damage and apoptosis lead to the release of free nucleosomes\u2014the basic structural repeating units of chromatin\u2014into the blood circulation system. We recently reported that free nucleosomes that enter the cytoplasm of mammalian cells trigger immune responses by activating cGMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). In the present study, we designed experiments to reveal the mechanism of nucleosome uptake by human cells. We showed that nucleosomes are first absorbed on the cell membrane through nonspecific electrostatic interactions between positively charged histone N-terminal tails and ligands on the cell surface, followed by internalization via clathrin- or caveolae-dependent endocytosis. After cellular internalization, endosomal escape occurs rapidly, and nucleosomes are released into the cytosol, maintaining structural integrity for an extended period. The efficient endocytosis of extracellular nucleosomes suggests that circulating nucleosomes may lead to cellular disorders as well as immunostimulation, and thus, the biological effects exerted by endocytic nucleosomes should be addressed in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T15:13:34Z","timestamp":1635174814000},"page":"12306-12319","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Nucleosomes enter cells by clathrin- and caveolin-dependent endocytosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Huawei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiajing","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengtian","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengdi","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0811-7794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuanzheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120508565378700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500373h","article-title":"Nucleosome structure and function","volume":"115","author":"McGinty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. 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