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Although the structure of the PBS-segment undergoes substantial rearrangement upon tRNALys3 annealing, the proper folding of the PBS-segment during gRNA packaging is important as it ensures loading of beneficial host factors. DHX9\/RNA helicase A (RHA) is recruited to gRNA to enhance the processivity of reverse transcriptase. Because the molecular details of the interactions have yet to be defined, we solved the solution structure of the PBS-segment preferentially bound by RHA. Evidence is provided that PBS-segment adopts a previously undefined adenosine-rich three-way junction structure encompassing the primer activation stem (PAS), tRNA-like element (TLE) and tRNA annealing arm. Disruption of the PBS-segment three-way junction structure diminished reverse transcription products and led to reduced viral infectivity. Because of the existence of the tRNA annealing arm, the TLE and PAS form a bent helical structure that undergoes shape-dependent recognition by RHA double-stranded RNA binding domain 1 (dsRBD1). Mutagenesis and phylogenetic analyses provide evidence for conservation of the PBS-segment three-way junction structure that is preferentially bound by RHA in support of efficient reverse transcription, the hallmark step of HIV-1 replication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T03:20:39Z","timestamp":1618888839000},"page":"5925-5942","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The three-way junction structure of the HIV-1 PBS-segment binds host enzyme important for viral infectivity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Zhenwei","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Gremminger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, 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