{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T06:02:43Z","timestamp":1782280963048,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004836","name":"Independent Research Fund Denmark","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8022-00322B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8022-00322B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R347-2020-2346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R347-2020-2346"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Otago Doctoral Scholarship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014111","name":"Bio-Protection Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014111","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001734","name":"University of Copenhagen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001734","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Many prokaryotes encode CRISPR-Cas systems as immune protection against mobile genetic elements (MGEs), yet a number of MGEs also harbor CRISPR-Cas components. With a few exceptions, CRISPR-Cas loci encoded on MGEs are uncharted and a comprehensive analysis of their distribution, prevalence, diversity, and function is lacking. Here, we systematically investigated CRISPR-Cas loci across the largest curated collection of natural bacterial and archaeal plasmids. CRISPR-Cas loci are widely but heterogeneously distributed across plasmids and, in comparison to host chromosomes, their mean prevalence per Mbp is higher and their distribution is distinct. Furthermore, the spacer content of plasmid CRISPRs exhibits a strong targeting bias towards other plasmids, while chromosomal arrays are enriched with virus-targeting spacers. These contrasting targeting preferences highlight the genetic independence of plasmids and suggest a major role for mediating plasmid-plasmid conflicts. Altogether, CRISPR-Cas are frequent accessory components of many plasmids, which is an overlooked phenomenon that possibly facilitates their dissemination across microbiomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T14:07:36Z","timestamp":1633356456000},"page":"4315-4328","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["CRISPR-Cas systems are widespread accessory elements across bacterial and archaeal plasmids"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3521-460X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Pinilla-Redondo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Technological Educations, University College Copenhagen, Sigurdsgade 26, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0565-3161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"Russel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0751-4787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Mayo-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiraz\u00a0A","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Ledreborg Alle 34, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger\u00a0A","family":"Garrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Archaea Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maal\u00f8es Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1929-5040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Nesme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas\u00a0S","family":"Madsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4639-6704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter\u00a0C","family":"Fineran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"},{"name":"Bio-Protection Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6227-9906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f8ren\u00a0J","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022050521390120300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.03.011","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas systems: prokaryotes upgrade to adaptive immunity","volume":"54","author":"Barrangou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. 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Microbiol."},{"key":"2022050521390120300_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz1197","article-title":"Type IV CRISPR-Cas systems are highly diverse and involved in competition between plasmids","volume":"48","author":"Pinilla-Redondo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"2022050521390120300_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-019-0131-5","article-title":"The next generation of CRISPR\u2013Cas technologies and applications","volume":"20","author":"Pickar-Oliver","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2022050521390120300_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3659","article-title":"Applications of CRISPR technologies in research and beyond","volume":"34","author":"Barrangou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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