{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T19:35:33Z","timestamp":1788550533464,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32170150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32170150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81971931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971931"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81971921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971921"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3157010371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3157010371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82172255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82172255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20QA1401800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20QA1401800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Major Project of China","award":["2017ZX10202202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017ZX10202202"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Major Project of China","award":["2018ZX10301208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZX10301208"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005150","name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018PT31044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018PT31044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005150","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003395","name":"Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201701070007E00057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201701070007E00057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003395","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010167","name":"Shanghai Shen Kang Hospital Development Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SHDC12019116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC12019116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010167","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is associated with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Upon infection of hepatocytes, HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) exists as histone-bound mini-chromosome, subjected to transcriptional regulation similar to chromosomal DNA. Here we identify high mobility group AT-hook 1 (HMGA1) protein as a positive regulator of HBV transcription that binds to a conserved ATTGG site within enhancer II\/core promoter (EII\/Cp) and recruits transcription factors FOXO3\u03b1 and PGC1\u03b1. HMGA1-mediated upregulation of EII\/Cp results in enhanced viral gene expression and genome replication. Notably, expression of endogenous HMGA1 was also demonstrated to be upregulated by HBV, which involves HBV X protein (HBx) interacting with SP1 transcription factor to activate HMGA1 promoter. Consistent with these in vitro results, chronic hepatitis B patients in immune tolerant phase display both higher intrahepatic HMGA1 protein levels and higher serum HBV markers compared to patients in inactive carrier phase. Finally, using a mouse model of HBV persistence, we show that targeting endogenous HMGA1 through RNA interference facilitated HBV clearance. These data establish HMGA1 as an important positive regulator of HBV that is reciprocally upregulated by HBV via HBx and also suggest the HMGA1-HBV positive feedback loop as a potential therapeutic target.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T12:22:30Z","timestamp":1643113350000},"page":"2157-2171","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["High mobility group AT-hook 1 (HMGA1) is an important positive regulator of hepatitis B virus (HBV) that is reciprocally upregulated by HBV X protein"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7986-7413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongliang","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai\u00a0Institute of Infectious Diseases and\u00a0Biosecurity,National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education\/National Health Commission\/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity,\u00a0School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai\u00a0Institute of Infectious Diseases and\u00a0Biosecurity,National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education\/National Health Commission\/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity,\u00a0School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai\u00a0Institute of Infectious Diseases and\u00a0Biosecurity,National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai\u00a0Institute of Infectious Diseases and\u00a0Biosecurity,National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai\u00a0Institute of Infectious Diseases and\u00a0Biosecurity,National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai\u00a0Institute of Infectious Diseases and\u00a0Biosecurity,National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education\/National Health Commission\/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity,\u00a0School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youhua","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education\/National Health Commission\/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity,\u00a0School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9728-8893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education\/National Health Commission\/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity,\u00a0School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5820-950X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai\u00a0Institute of Infectious Diseases and\u00a0Biosecurity,National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education\/National Health Commission\/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity,\u00a0School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022022611404781900_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28156","article-title":"AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B","volume":"63","author":"Terrault","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29800","article-title":"Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis b guidance","volume":"67","author":"Terrault","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.02.031","article-title":"Molecular biology of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"479-480","author":"Seeger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00049","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00049","article-title":"Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis B and D virus","volume":"1","author":"Yan","year":"2012","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a021386","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021386","article-title":"Hepadnavirus genome replication and persistence","volume":"5","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2010.01315.x","article-title":"Control of hepatitis B virus at the level of transcription","volume":"17","author":"Quasdorff","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.02.021","article-title":"Mechanisms of HBV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"64","author":"Levrero","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a021402","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021402","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus X and regulation of viral gene expression","volume":"6","author":"Slagle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.6.3350-3357.1995","article-title":"The covalently closed duplex form of the hepadnavirus genome exists in situ as a heterogeneous population of viral minichromosomes","volume":"69","author":"Newbold","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.2000.4481","article-title":"Structural organization of the hepatitis B virus minichromosome","volume":"307","author":"Bock","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.01.001","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus replication is regulated by the acetylation status of hepatitis B virus cccDNA-bound H3 and H4 histones","volume":"130","author":"Pollicino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19975","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908365106","article-title":"Nuclear HBx binds the HBV minichromosome and modifies the epigenetic regulation of cccDNA function","volume":"106","author":"Belloni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.05.022","article-title":"Control of cccDNA function in hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"51","author":"Levrero","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2002.00381.x","article-title":"Regulatory elements of hepatitis B virus transcription","volume":"9","author":"Moolla","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2009.09.001","article-title":"Nuclear functions of the HMG proteins","volume":"1799","author":"Reeves","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2009.11.009","article-title":"HMG modifications and nuclear function","volume":"1799","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4781(01)00215-9","article-title":"HMGI\/Y proteins: flexible regulators of transcription and chromatin structure","volume":"1519","author":"Reeves","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(01)00689-8","article-title":"Molecular biology of HMGA proteins: hubs of nuclear function","volume":"277","author":"Reeves","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B19","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Hepatitis B Virus: Methods and Protocols","author":"Sun","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(03)00120-X","article-title":"Primary human hepatocytes\u2013a valuable tool for investigation of apoptosis and hepatitis b virus infection","volume":"38","author":"Schulze-Bergkamen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.4.2489-2499.2003","article-title":"Distinct modes of regulation of transcription of hepatitis B virus by the nuclear receptors HNF4alpha and COUP-TF1","volume":"77","author":"Yu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.006007-0","article-title":"Prospero-related homeobox protein (Prox1) inhibits hepatitis B virus replication through repressing multiple cis regulatory elements","volume":"90","author":"Qin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29406","article-title":"Recombinant covalently closed circular DNA of hepatitis B virus induces long-term viral persistence with chronic hepatitis in a mouse model","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02304-7","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus persistence in mice reveals IL-21 and IL-33 as regulators of viral clearance","volume":"8","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5600","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.44715","article-title":"Characterization of IL-21-expressing recombinant hepatitis B virus (HBV) as a therapeutic agent targeting persisting HBV infection","volume":"10","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2019.12.028","article-title":"Restriction of exogenous DNA expression by SAMHD1","volume":"65","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Bull"},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6615","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03328-12","article-title":"Novel recombinant hepatitis B virus vectors efficiently deliver protein and RNA encoding genes into primary hepatocytes","volume":"87","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56819-8","article-title":"Characterization and engineering of broadly reactive monoclonal antibody against hepatitis B virus X protein that blocks its interaction with DDB1","volume":"9","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-014-2111-6","article-title":"A broadly reactive monoclonal antibody detects multiple genotypes of hepatitis B virus X protein","volume":"159","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Virol"},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29337","article-title":"Prospero-related homeobox 1 drives angiogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma through selectively activating interleukin-8 expression","volume":"66","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6164","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02721-06","article-title":"Formation of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA: removal of genome-linked protein","volume":"81","author":"Gao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti473","article-title":"MatInspector and beyond: promoter analysis based on transcription factor binding sites","volume":"21","author":"Cartharius","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.08.032","article-title":"Nuclear factor Y regulates ancient budgerigar hepadnavirus core promoter activity","volume":"478","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.177360.111","article-title":"Core promoter-selective function of HMGA1 and mediator in Initiator-dependent transcription","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4962","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku168","article-title":"HMGA1 recruits CTIP2-repressed P-TEFb to the HIV-1 and cellular target promoters","volume":"42","author":"Eilebrecht","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00357","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of glucose metabolism: the emerging role of the HMGA1 chromatin factor","volume":"9","author":"Chiefari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4620","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-4325","article-title":"Transcriptional control of the human high mobility group A1 gene: basal and oncogenic Ras-regulated expression","volume":"67","author":"Cleynen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.21887","article-title":"The HMGA1 protoncogene frequently deregulated in cancer is a transcriptional target of E2F1","volume":"52","author":"Massimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.03.034","article-title":"Update of the statements on biology and clinical impact of occult hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"71","author":"Raimondo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.05.042","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B infection and hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology, virology, hepatocarcinogenesis and clinical significance","volume":"73","author":"Mak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.63.2.919-924.1989","article-title":"Liver-specific expression of hepatitis B virus is determined by the combined action of the core gene promoter and the enhancer","volume":"63","author":"Honigwachs","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.8.3977-3981.1990","article-title":"A new enhancer element, ENII, identified in the X gene of hepatitis B virus","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020160","article-title":"Host transcription factors in hepatitis B virus RNA synthesis","volume":"12","author":"Turton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2012.02.018","article-title":"Multiple modes of chromatin remodeling by forkhead box proteins","volume":"1819","author":"Lalmansingh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0089-3","article-title":"Metabolic aspects in NAFLD, NASH and hepatocellular carcinoma: the role of PGC1 coactivators","volume":"16","author":"Piccinin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-236372","article-title":"The metabolic sensors FXRalpha, PGC-1alpha, and SIRT1 cooperatively regulate hepatitis B virus transcription","volume":"28","author":"Curtil","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11891","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00832-11","article-title":"Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha in AKT\/PKB-mediated inhibition of hepatitis B virus biosynthesis","volume":"85","author":"Ondracek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2017.02.007","article-title":"Interplay between SIRT1 and hepatitis B virus X protein in the activation of viral transcription","volume":"1860","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gene Regul. Mech"},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.02.015","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus X protein is essential to initiate and maintain virus replication after infection","volume":"55","author":"Lucifora","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2016.05.006","article-title":"Global re-wiring of p53 transcription regulation by the hepatitis B virus X protein","volume":"10","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2012.618","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus X protein upregulates Lin28A\/Lin28B through Sp-1\/c-Myc to enhance the proliferation of hepatoma cells","volume":"33","author":"You","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2022022611404781900_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-3045","article-title":"Lessons from the Crypt: HMGA1-Amping up Wnt for stem cells and tumor progression","volume":"78","author":"Resar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["Nucleic Acids Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nar\/article-pdf\/50\/4\/2157\/42617779\/gkac070.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nar\/article-pdf\/50\/4\/2157\/42617779\/gkac070.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]],"date-time":"2022-02-26T11:42:45Z","timestamp":1645875765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nar\/article\/50\/4\/2157\/6523804"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkac070","relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-1048","1362-4962"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-1048","type":"print"},{"value":"1362-4962","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]}}}