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In these species, the male and female developmental programs are initiated by the presence of the U- or V-specific regions of the sex chromosomes but, as in XY and ZW systems, sexual differentiation is largely driven by autosomal sex-biased gene expression. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of sex-biased expression of genes during sexual differentiation remain elusive. Here, we investigated the extent and nature of epigenomic changes associated with UV sexual differentiation in the brown alga Ectocarpus, a model UV system. Six histone modifications were quantified in near-isogenic lines, leading to the identification of 16 chromatin signatures across the genome. Chromatin signatures correlated with levels of gene expression and histone PTMs changes in males versus females occurred preferentially at genes involved in sex-specific pathways. Despite the absence of chromosome scale dosage compensation and the fact that UV sex chromosomes recombine across most of their length, the chromatin landscape of these chromosomes was remarkably different to that of autosomes. Hotspots of evolutionary young genes in the pseudoautosomal regions appear to drive the exceptional chromatin features of UV sex chromosomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T04:14:24Z","timestamp":1646453664000},"page":"3307-3322","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Chromatin landscape associated with sexual differentiation in a UV sex determination system"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Josselin","family":"Gueno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688\u00a0Roscoff, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Borg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for\u00a0Biology T\u00fcbingen 72076, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Bourdareau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688\u00a0Roscoff, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Cossard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688\u00a0Roscoff, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Godfroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688\u00a0Roscoff, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Lipinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688\u00a0Roscoff, France"},{"name":"Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for\u00a0Biology T\u00fcbingen 72076, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Tirichine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universite, CNRS, US2B, UMR 6286, F-44000, Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00a0Mark","family":"Cock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688\u00a0Roscoff, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9171-2550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana\u00a0M","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688\u00a0Roscoff, France"},{"name":"Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for\u00a0Biology T\u00fcbingen 72076, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022040800051024500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001899","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001899","article-title":"Sex determination: why so many ways of doing it?","volume":"12","author":"Bachtrog","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"2022040800051024500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160456","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0456","article-title":"Evolution of recombination rates between sex chromosomes","volume":"372","author":"Charlesworth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2022040800051024500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-020518-120011","article-title":"Algal sex determination and the evolution of anisogamy","volume":"73","author":"Umen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2022040800051024500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-120215-035429","article-title":"Sex-biased gene expression","volume":"50","author":"Grath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"2022040800051024500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3230","article-title":"Functions of DNA methylation: islands, start sites, gene bodies and beyond","volume":"13","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"2022040800051024500_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3988","article-title":"Brain feminization requires active repression of masculinization via DNA methylation","volume":"18","author":"Nugent","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2022040800051024500_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11206","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900301106","article-title":"DNA methylation is widespread and associated with differential gene expression in castes of the honeybee, Apis mellifera","volume":"106","author":"Elango","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 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Evol."},{"key":"2022040800051024500_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2018.06.005","article-title":"UV chromosomes and haploid sexual systems","volume":"23","author":"Coelho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"2022040800051024500_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-030620-093031","article-title":"Brown algal model organisms","volume":"54","author":"Coelho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"2022040800051024500_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabh2488","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abh2488","article-title":"Gene-rich UV sex chromosomes harbor conserved regulators of sexual development","volume":"7","author":"Carey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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