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These structures play fundamental roles in both host gene expression and in viral replication due to their peculiar localisation in regulatory sequences. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is an episomal minichromosome whose persistence is at the basis of chronic infection. Identifying the mechanisms controlling its transcriptional activity is indispensable to develop new therapeutic strategies against chronic hepatitis B. The aim of this study was to determine whether G4s are formed in cccDNA and regulate viral replication. Combining biochemistry and functional studies, we demonstrate that cccDNA indeed contains ten G4s structures. Furthermore, mutations disrupting two G4s located in the enhancer I HBV regulatory region altered cccDNA transcription and viral replication. Finally, we showed for the first time that cccDNA undergoes phase separation in a G4-dependent manner to promote its transcription in infected hepatocytes. Altogether, our data give new insight in the transcriptional regulation of the HBV minichromosome that might pave the way for the identification of novel targets to destabilize or silence cccDNA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad1200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T18:38:48Z","timestamp":1703011128000},"page":"2290-2305","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["G-quadruplexes control hepatitis B virus replication by promoting cccDNA transcription and phase separation in hepatocytes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0700-8403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Giraud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon , 69003 Lyon, France; Universit\u00e9 Claude-Bernard Lyon I, 69003 Lyon , France"},{"name":"Hepatology Institute of Lyon , 69004 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Rod\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon , 69003 Lyon, France; Universit\u00e9 Claude-Bernard Lyon I, 69003 Lyon , France"},{"name":"Hepatology Institute of Lyon , 69004 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9lagie","family":"Huchon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon , 69003 Lyon, France; Universit\u00e9 Claude-Bernard Lyon I, 69003 Lyon , France"},{"name":"Hepatology Institute of Lyon , 69004 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Claude-Bernard Lyon I , 69003 Lyon , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maud","family":"Michelet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon , 69003 Lyon, France; Universit\u00e9 Claude-Bernard Lyon I, 69003 Lyon , France"},{"name":"Hepatology Institute of Lyon , 69004 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Maadadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon , 69003 lyon, france; universit\u00e9 claude-bernard lyon i, 69003 Lyon , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Jutzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute , WC2R 2LS London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Montserret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB) UMR 5086 CNRS\/Universit\u00e9 de Lyon , Labex Ecofect, 7 Passage du Vercors 69367 Lyon ,\u00a0 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3264-9800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc-David","family":"Ruepp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute , WC2R 2LS London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Parent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon , 69003 Lyon, France; Universit\u00e9 Claude-Bernard Lyon I, 69003 Lyon , France"},{"name":"Hepatology Institute of Lyon , 69004 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Combet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon , 69003 Lyon, France; Universit\u00e9 Claude-Bernard Lyon I, 69003 Lyon , France"},{"name":"Hepatology Institute of Lyon , 69004 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2245-0083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabien","family":"Zoulim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon , 69003 Lyon, France; Universit\u00e9 Claude-Bernard Lyon I, 69003 Lyon , France"},{"name":"Hepatology Institute of Lyon , 69004 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Claude-Bernard Lyon I , 69003 Lyon , France"},{"name":"Hepatology Service, Hospices Civils de Lyon , 69004 Lyon , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5588-5465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Testoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon , 69003 Lyon, France; Universit\u00e9 Claude-Bernard Lyon I, 69003 Lyon , France"},{"name":"Hepatology Institute of Lyon , 69004 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024032102084960000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1039\/b702491f","article-title":"Four-stranded nucleic acids: structure, function and targeting of G-quadruplexes","volume":"37","author":"Huppert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. 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