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The HIV-1 IRES requires IRES-transacting factors (ITAFs) for function. In this study, we evaluated the role of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNPK) as a potential ITAF for the HIV-1 IRES. In HIV-1-expressing cells, the depletion of hnRNPK reduced HIV-1 vRNA translation. Furthermore, both the depletion and overexpression of hnRNPK modulated HIV-1 IRES activity. Phosphorylations and protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1)-induced asymmetrical dimethylation (aDMA) of hnRNPK strongly impacted the protein's ability to promote the activity of the HIV-1 IRES. We also show that hnRNPK acts as an ITAF for the human T cell lymphotropic virus-type 1 (HTLV-1) IRES, present in the 5\u2032UTR of the viral sense mRNA, but not for the IRES present in the antisense spliced transcript encoding the HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper protein (sHBZ). This study provides evidence for a novel role of the host hnRNPK as an ITAF that stimulates IRES-mediated translation initiation for the retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad1221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T11:08:12Z","timestamp":1704193692000},"page":"2625-2647","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K promotes cap-independent translation initiation of retroviral mRNAs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Yazm\u00edn","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Virolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto Milenio de Inmunolog\u00eda e Inmunoterapia, Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Marcoleta 391, Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Olgu\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Virolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto Milenio de Inmunolog\u00eda e Inmunoterapia, Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Marcoleta 391, Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"L\u00f3pez-Ulloa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Virolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto Milenio de Inmunolog\u00eda e Inmunoterapia, Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Marcoleta 391, Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dafne","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Virolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto Milenio de Inmunolog\u00eda e Inmunoterapia, Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Marcoleta 391, Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hade","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Virolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto Milenio de Inmunolog\u00eda e Inmunoterapia, Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Marcoleta 391, Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana\u00a0Luiza","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital , Montr\u00e9al, Quebec\u00a0H3T 1E2 , Canada"},{"name":"Department\u00a0of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Guajardo-Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital , Montr\u00e9al, Quebec\u00a0H3T 1E2 , Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, McGill University , Montreal , Quebec\u00a0H4A 3J1 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meijuan","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital , Montr\u00e9al, Quebec\u00a0H3T 1E2 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Rojas-Araya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Virolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto Milenio de Inmunolog\u00eda e Inmunoterapia, Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Marcoleta 391, Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew\u00a0J","family":"Mouland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital , Montr\u00e9al, Quebec\u00a0H3T 1E2 , Canada"},{"name":"Department\u00a0of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1 , Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, McGill University , Montreal , Quebec\u00a0H4A 3J1 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7936-8478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"L\u00f3pez-Lastra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Virolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto Milenio de Inmunolog\u00eda e Inmunoterapia, Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Marcoleta 391, Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024032102102903300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010101","article-title":"Focus on translation initiation of the HIV-1 mRNAs","volume":"20","author":"de\u00a0Breyne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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