{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T14:17:10Z","timestamp":1789741030523,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agence de l\u2019Innovation de D\u00e9fense","award":["project 2023 - Pathogens"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project 2023 - Pathogens"]}]},{"name":"ANR G4Access","award":["ANR-20-CE12-0023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-20-CE12-0023"]}]},{"name":"INCa G4Access"},{"name":"SYMBIT","award":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/15_003\/0000477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/15_003\/0000477"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"ERDF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Czech Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-21903S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-21903S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Academy of Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most dangerous human pathogenic viruses found in all corners of the world. Recent sequencing of ancient HBV viruses revealed that these viruses have accompanied humanity for several millenia. As G-quadruplexes are considered to be potential therapeutic targets in virology, we examined G-quadruplex-forming sequences (PQS) in modern and ancient HBV genomes. Our analyses showed the presence of PQS in all 232 tested HBV genomes, with a total number of 1258 motifs and an average frequency of 1.69 PQS per kbp. Notably, the PQS with the highest G4Hunter score in the reference genome is the most highly conserved. Interestingly, the density of PQS motifs is lower in ancient HBV genomes than in their modern counterparts (1.5 and 1.9\/kb, respectively). This modern frequency of 1.90 is very close to the PQS frequency of the human genome (1.93) using identical parameters. This indicates that the PQS content in HBV increased over time to become closer to the PQS frequency in the human genome. No statistically significant differences were found between PQS densities in HBV lineages found in different continents. These results, which constitute the first paleogenomics analysis of G4 propensity, are in agreement with our hypothesis that, for viruses causing chronic infections, their PQS frequencies tend to converge evolutionarily with those of their hosts, as a kind of \u2018genetic camouflage\u2019 to both hijack host cell transcriptional regulatory systems and to avoid recognition as foreign material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T11:31:12Z","timestamp":1688383872000},"page":"7198-7204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["G-quadruplexes in the evolution of hepatitis B virus"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2837-4226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e1clav","family":"Br\u00e1zda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Brno , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Dobrovoln\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Brno , Czech Republic"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology , Purky\u0148ova 118 , 612 00\u00a0Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"Boh\u00e1lov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Brno , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3043-8401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Louis","family":"Mergny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Brno , Czech Republic"},{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Optique et Biosciences (LOB), Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris , 91120 Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023081100505969800_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01703079","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus genome is organized into nucleosomes in the nucleus of the infected cell","volume":"8","author":"Bock","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"2023081100505969800_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.6.3350-3357.1995","article-title":"The covalently closed duplex form of the hepadnavirus genome exists in situ as a heterogeneous population of viral minichromosomes","volume":"69","author":"Newbold","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. 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Virol."},{"key":"2023081100505969800_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16151","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1308049110","article-title":"Bats carry pathogenic hepadnaviruses antigenically related to hepatitis B virus and capable of infecting human hepatocytes","volume":"110","author":"Drexler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2023081100505969800_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.07.019","article-title":"Deciphering the origin and evolution of hepatitis B viruses by means of a family of non-enveloped fish viruses","volume":"22","author":"Lauber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2023081100505969800_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.01.029","article-title":"A novel hepatitis B virus species discovered in capuchin monkeys sheds new light on the evolution of primate hepadnaviruses","volume":"68","author":"de\u00a0Carvalho\u00a0Dominguez\u00a0Souza","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"2023081100505969800_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi5658","article-title":"Ten millennia of hepatitis B virus evolution","volume":"374","author":"Kocher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023081100505969800_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3248","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku280","article-title":"Anti-HIV-1 activity of the G-quadruplex ligand BRACO-19","volume":"69","author":"Perrone","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. 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