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However, the characterization and classification of GIs are challenging due to their relatively small size and considerable genetic diversity. Predicting their intercellular mobility is of utmost importance in the context of the emerging crisis of multidrug resistance. Here, we propose a large-scale classification method to categorize GIs according to their mobility profile and, subsequently, analyze their gene cargo. We based our classification decision scheme on a collection of mobility protein motif definitions available in publicly accessible databases. Our results show that the size distribution of GI classes correlates with their respective structure and complexity. Self-transmissible GIs are usually the largest, except in Bacillota and Actinomycetota, accumulate antibiotic and phage resistance genes, and favour the use of a tyrosine recombinase to insert into a host's replicon. Non-mobilizable GIs tend to use a DDE transposase instead. Finally, although tRNA genes are more frequently targeted as insertion sites by GIs encoding a tyrosine recombinase, most GIs insert in a protein-encoding gene. This study is a stepping stone toward a better characterization of mobile GIs in bacterial genomes and their mechanism of mobility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T18:58:52Z","timestamp":1689965932000},"page":"8402-8412","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["A systematic approach to classify and characterize genomic islands driven by conjugative mobility using protein signatures"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0284-4891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bioteau","family":"Audrey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de biologie, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, Qu\u00e9bec , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3759-3546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Cellier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CGI IMT Mines Albi , Albi , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de biologie, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, Qu\u00e9bec , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3961-294X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre-\u00c9tienne","family":"Jacques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de biologie, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, Qu\u00e9bec , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6318-6904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Burrus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de biologie, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, Qu\u00e9bec , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023090800123635500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1235","article-title":"Mobile genetic elements: the agents of open source evolution","volume":"3","author":"Frost","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. 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Spectr."},{"key":"2023090800123635500_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02631-21","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02631-21","article-title":"Interbacterial transfer of carbapenem resistance and large antibiotic resistance islands by natural transformation in pathogenic acinetobacter","volume":"13","author":"Godeux","year":"2022","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2023090800123635500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-018-0156-3","article-title":"Phage-inducible chromosomal islands are ubiquitous within the bacterial universe","volume":"12","author":"Fillol-Salom","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"2023090800123635500_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.09.006","article-title":"Viral satellites exploit phage proteins to escape degradation of the bacterial host chromosome","volume":"26","author":"McKitterick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2023090800123635500_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.05.011","article-title":"The role of integrative and conjugative elements in antibiotic resistance evolution","volume":"29","author":"Botelho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"2023090800123635500_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2021.10.002","article-title":"FtsK and SpoIIIE, coordinators of chromosome segregation and envelope remodeling in bacteria","volume":"30","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"2023090800123635500_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.12.020","article-title":"The conjugative DNA-transfer apparatus of Streptomyces","volume":"305","author":"Thoma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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