{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T13:23:40Z","timestamp":1791725020274,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010583","name":"University of Konstanz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010583","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"AG Hartig"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Riboswitch-mediated control of gene expression without the interference of potentially immunogenic proteins is a promising approach for the development of tailor-made tools for biological research and the advancement of gene therapies. However, the current selection of applicable ligands for synthetic riboswitches is limited and strategies have mostly relied on de novo selection of aptamers. Here, we show that the bacterial xanthine I riboswitch aptamer recognizes oxypurinol, the active metabolite of the widely prescribed anti-gout drug allopurinol (Zyloprim\u00ae). We have characterized the aptamer\/oxypurinol interaction and present a crystal structure of the oxypurinol-bound aptamer, revealing a binding mode similar to that of the cognate ligand xanthine. We then constructed artificial oxypurinol-responsive riboswitches that showed functionality in human cells. By optimizing splicing-based oxypurinol riboswitches using three different strategies, transgene expression could be induced by &amp;gt;100-fold. In summary, we have developed recombinant RNA switches enabling on-demand regulation of gene expression in response to an established and safe drug.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T10:53:42Z","timestamp":1741863222000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Engineering oxypurinol-responsive riboswitches based on bacterial xanthine aptamers for gene expression control in mammalian cell culture"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0193-8697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Hedwig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz , Konstanz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz , Konstanz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maike","family":"Sp\u00f6ring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz , Konstanz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz , Konstanz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Ottlinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz , Konstanz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sila","family":"K\u00f6se","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz , Konstanz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz , Konstanz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert","family":"Nar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , Biberach an der Riss ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisela","family":"Schnapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , Biberach an der Riss ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Gottschling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , Biberach an der Riss ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , Biberach an der Riss ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Aspnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , Biberach an der Riss ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Klugmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , Biberach an der Riss ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6601-7217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg\u00a0S","family":"Hartig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz , Konstanz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz , Konstanz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025031310530689700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00391-X","article-title":"Riboswitches control fundamental biochemical pathways in Bacillus subtilis and other bacteria","volume":"113","author":"Mandal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025031310530689700_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8080796","article-title":"How to choose the right inducible gene expression system for mammalian studies?","volume":"8","author":"Kallunki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2025031310530689700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14060554","article-title":"Riboswitches for controlled expression of therapeutic transgenes delivered by adeno-associated viral vectors","volume":"14","author":"Tickner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"2025031310530689700_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1403","article-title":"Gene regulation by riboswitches","volume":"5","author":"Mandal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. 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