{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:13:43Z","timestamp":1790806423025,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005910","name":"AEI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2024-157350OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024-157350OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005910","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005910","name":"AEI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-124738OB-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-124738OB-100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005910","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In bacteria, DNA gyrase plays a key role in cellular processes by affecting supercoiling. However, how gyrase localizes on the chromosome to affect supercoiling is unclear. Here, we interrogate the genome-wide distribution of gyrase in Streptococcus pneumoniae by mapping its cleavage sites in the presence of fluoroquinolones. Fluoroquinolones induce the formation of DNA\u2014fluoroquinolone\u2014topoisomerase complexes and generate detrimental double-stranded DNA breaks. Using a chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing-based method, we localize gyrase cleavage sites with single-nucleotide resolution. A total of 1517 sites were detected; the majority (92.7%) were located within protein-coding genes and were associated with high-level transcription. This trend was maintained at the level of transcriptional topological domains, where the most transcribed genes exhibited the highest frequency of cleavage sites, while the least transcribed genes exhibited the lowest frequency. We identified a four-base motif, GxxC, in 79% of the sites. The most frequent sequence was GATC (21.2% of all cleavage sites). GATC is the target of three pneumococcal restriction systems: DpnI, DpnII, and DpnIII. We demonstrated that methylation at GATC by the DpnII (GAmeTC) or DpnIII (GATCme) systems decreased gyrase cleavage and supercoiling activity. We hypothesized that strains with methylated GATC would be more resistant to subinhibitory concentrations of fluoroquinolones. We indeed demonstrated that gyrase mutants appeared more frequently in strains with GATC methylation (DpnII and DpnIII) than in strains without methylation (DpnI).This is significant for the evolution of fluoroquinolone resistance in S. pneumoniae, as the three Dpn phenotypes are present in the population of clinical isolates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf1183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T06:04:03Z","timestamp":1763618643000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Distribution of DNA gyrase cleavage sites across the\n                    <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>\n                    genome: relation to transcription and methylation at GATC sites"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda-Jos\u00e9","family":"Ferr\u00e1ndiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gen\u00e9tica Bacteriana, Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Majadahonda, MAdrid 28220 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular, Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas , Madrid 2804 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3598-2548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adela G","family":"de\u00a0la\u00a0Campa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gen\u00e9tica Bacteriana, Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Majadahonda, MAdrid 28220 ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Secretar\u00eda General, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas , Madrid 28006 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025112001035542100_B1","first-page":"93","article-title":"Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for chilhood immunization-WHO position paper","volume":"82","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg321","article-title":"and the Alexandre Project Group. The Alexander project 1998\u2013200: susceptibility of pathogens isolated from community-acquired respiratory tract infection to commomnly used antimicrobial agents","volume":"52","author":"Jacobs","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1581ST","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"200","author":"Metlay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192831","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1192831","article-title":"DNA supercoiling in bacteria: state of play and challenges from a viewpoint of physics based modeling","volume":"14","author":"Junier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.10.2252","article-title":"ParC subunit of DNA topoisomerase IV of Streptococcus pneumoniae is a primary target of fluoroquinolones and cooperates with DNA gyrase A subunit in forming resistance phenotype","volume":"40","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.12.2760","article-title":"High-level fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae requires mutations in parC and gyrA","volume":"40","author":"Janoir","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.10.2321","article-title":"Involvement of topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase as ciprofloxacin targets in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"40","author":"Pan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2000.6.259","article-title":"Fluoroquinolones inhibit preferentially Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA topoisomerase IV than DNA gyrase native proteins","volume":"6","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Moreira","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1506.080684","article-title":"Changes in fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae after 7-valent conjugate vaccination, Spain","volume":"15","author":"de\u00a0la\u00a0Campa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.7.2072-2081.2003","article-title":"Viridans group streptococci are donors in horizontal transfer of topoisomerase IV genes to Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"47","author":"Balsalobre","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2011.131215","article-title":"Spread of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 8-ST63 multidrug-resistant recombinant Clone, Spain","volume":"20","author":"Ardanuy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01617-06","article-title":"Quinolone-mediated bacterial death","volume":"52","author":"Drlica","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp486","article-title":"Contribution of reactive oxygen species to pathways of quinolone-mediated bacterial cell death","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02299-15","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species contribute to the bactericidal effects of the fluoroquinolone moxifloxacin in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"60","author":"Ferr\u00e1ndiz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.02164","article-title":"Absence of tmRNA has a protective effect against fluoroquinolones in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"7","author":"Brito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00737","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00737-19","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species production is a major factor directing the postantibiotic effect of fluoroquinolones in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"63","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01706-13","article-title":"The fluoroquinolone levofloxacin triggers the transcriptional activation of iron transport genes that contribute to cell death in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"58","author":"Ferr\u00e1ndiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1401876111","article-title":"Antibiotics induce redox-related physiological alterations as part of their lethality","volume":"111","author":"Dwyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(82)90403-2","article-title":"Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I mutants have compensatory mutations in DNA gyrase genes","volume":"31","author":"DiNardo","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(82)90402-0","article-title":"Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I mutants: increased supercoiling is corrected by mutations near gyrase genes","volume":"31","author":"Pruss","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4751","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/13.13.4751","article-title":"Regulation of the Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I gene by DNA supercoiling","volume":"13","author":"Tse-Dinh","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nucl Acids Res"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(83)90140-X","article-title":"Regulation of the genes for E. coli DNA gyrase: homeostatic control of DNA supercoiling","volume":"34","author":"Menzel","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4185","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.12.4185","article-title":"Modulation of transcription by DNA supercoiling: a deletion analysis of the Escherichia coli gyrA and gyrB promoters","volume":"84","author":"Menzel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094692","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1094692","article-title":"The balance between gyrase and topoisomerase I activities determines levels of supercoiling, nucleoid compaction, and viability in bacteria","volume":"13","author":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101574","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101574","article-title":"Role of global and local topology in the regulation of gene expression in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"9","author":"Ferr\u00e1ndiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3570","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq106","article-title":"The genome of Streptococcus pneumoniae is organized in topology-reacting gene clusters","volume":"38","author":"Ferr\u00e1ndiz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15800","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115800","article-title":"Physiologic and transcriptomic effects triggered by overexpression of wild type and mutant DNA topoisomerase I in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"24","author":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7292","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw602","article-title":"An increase in negative supercoiling in bacteria reveals topology-reacting gene clusters and a homeostatic response mediated by the DNA topoisomerase I gene","volume":"44","author":"Ferr\u00e1ndiz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evw299","article-title":"Bridging chromosomal architecture and pathophysiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"9","author":"Mart\u00edn-Galiano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01447","article-title":"The transcriptome of Streptococcus pneumoniae induced by local and global changes in supercoiling","volume":"8","author":"de\u00a0la\u00a0Campa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8952","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.23.8952","article-title":"Topoisomerase I mutants: the gene on pBR322 that encodes resistance to tetracycline affects plasmid DNA supercoiling","volume":"83","author":"Pruss","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7024","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.20.7024","article-title":"Supercoiling of the DNA template during transcription","volume":"84","author":"Liu","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.3.1473","article-title":"Roles of DNA topoisomerases in the regulation of R-loop formation in vitro","volume":"272","author":"Phoenix","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12816","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.19.12816","article-title":"DNA topoisomerases regulate R-loop formation during transcription of the rrnb operon in Escherichia coli","volume":"272","author":"Masse","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)42136-3","article-title":"Hypernegative supercoiling of the DNA template during transcription elongation in vitro","volume":"269","author":"Drolet","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30705","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M303403200","article-title":"Direct interaction between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and the zinc ribbon domains of DNA topoisomerase I","volume":"278","author":"Cheng","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009542","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009542","article-title":"Genome-wide proximity between RNA polymerase and DNA topoisomerase I supports transcription in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"17","author":"Ferr\u00e1ndiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006754","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006754","article-title":"Transcription facilitated genome-wide recruitment of topoisomerase I and DNA gyrase","volume":"13","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32106-5","article-title":"Interaction between transcribing RNA polymerase and topoisomerase I prevents R-loop formation in E. coli","volume":"13","author":"Sutormin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14252","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M500156200","article-title":"Novel symmetric and asymmetric DNA scission determinants for Streptococcus pneumoniae topoisomerase IV and gyrase are clustered at the DNA breakage site","volume":"280","author":"Leo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9411","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt696","article-title":"Functional determinants of gate-DNA selection and cleavage by bacterial type II topoisomerases","volume":"41","author":"Arnoldi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucl Acids Res"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1312","article-title":"Single-nucleotide-resolution mapping of DNA gyrase cleavage sites across the Escherichia coli genome","volume":"47","author":"Sutormin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucl Acids Res"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00731-07","article-title":"Fitness of Streptococcus pneumoniae fluoroquinolone-resistant strains with topoisomerase IV recombinant genes","volume":"52","author":"Balsalobre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(86)90026-4","article-title":"Identification and analysis of genes for tetracycline resistance and replication functions in the broad-host-range plasmid pLS1","volume":"192","author":"Lacks","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.158.3.905-909.1984","article-title":"Transfer of recombinant plasmids containing the gene for DpnII DNA methylase into strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae that produce DpnI or DpnII restriction endonucleases","volume":"158","author":"Lacks","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00173","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00173-15","article-title":"Genetic stabilization of the drug-resistant PMEN1 pneumococcus lineage by its distinctive DpnIII restriction-modification system","volume":"6","author":"Eutsey","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00783-10","article-title":"Nonoptimal DNA topoisomerases allow maintenance of supercoiling levels and improve fitness of Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"55","author":"Balsalobre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3424","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/26.14.3424","article-title":"Topological complexity of different populations of pBR322 as visualized by two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis","volume":"26","author":"Mart\u00edn-Parras","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W537","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky379","article-title":"The Galaxy platform for accessible, reproducible and collaborative biomedical analyses: 2018 update","volume":"46","author":"Afgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucl Acids Res"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W484","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad326","article-title":"Proksee: in-depth characterization and visualization of bacterial genomes","volume":"51","author":"Grant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucl Acids Res"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4060","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)41386-0","article-title":"A deoxyribonuclease of Diplococcus pneumoniae specific for methylated DNA","volume":"250","author":"Lacks","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(87)90024-6","article-title":"Proteins encoded by the DpnII restriction gene cassette. Two methylases and an endonuclease","volume":"196","author":"de\u00a0la\u00a0Campa","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9223","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.23.9223","article-title":"DpnA, a methylase for single-strand DNA in the Dpn II restriction system, and its biological function","volume":"86","author":"Cerritelli","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01777.x","article-title":"Regulation of competence for genetic transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae: expression of dpnA, a late competence gene encoding a DNA methyltransferase of the DpnII restriction system","volume":"35","author":"Lacks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160736","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1160736","article-title":"Single-nucleotide resolution detection of Topo IV cleavage activity in the Escherichia coli genome with Topo-Seq","volume":"14","author":"Sutormin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01486.x","article-title":"Control of bacterial DNA supercoiling","volume":"6","author":"Drlica","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94358","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094358","article-title":"Induction of prophages by fluoroquinolones in Streptococcus pneumoniae: implications for emergence of resistance in genetically-related clones","volume":"9","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.2.522-524.2002","article-title":"Selection of Streptococcus pneumoniae mutants having reduced susceptibility to moxifloxacin and levofloxacin","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02669-13","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone-resistant pneumococci: dynamics of serotypes and clones in Spain in 2012 compared with those from 2002 and 2006","volume":"58","author":"Domenech","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00493","article-title":"HU of Streptococcus pneumoniae is essential for the preservation of DNA supercoiling","volume":"9","author":"Ferr\u00e1ndiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R87","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2004-5-11-r87","article-title":"Genomic transcriptional response to loss of chromosomal supercoiling in Escherichia coli","volume":"5","author":"Peter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1010.040382","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone resistance in penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae clones, Spain","volume":"10","author":"de\u00a0la\u00a0Campa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(77)90289-3","article-title":"Complementary specificity of restriction endonucleases of Diplococcus pneumoniae with respect to DNA methylation","volume":"114","author":"Lacks","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.152.1.183-190.1982","article-title":"Transformation of restriction endonuclease phenotype in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"152","author":"Muckerman","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(86)90698-7","article-title":"Genetic basis of the complementary DpnI and DpnII restriction systems of S. pneumoniae: an intercellular cassette mechanism","volume":"46","author":"Lacks","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3530","article-title":"A role for the bacterial GATC methylome in antibiotic stress survival","volume":"48","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2025112001035542100_B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(82)90126-X","article-title":"Identification of base mismatches recognized by the heteroduplex-DNA-repair system of Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"31","author":"Lacks","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Nucleic Acids Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nar\/article-pdf\/53\/21\/gkaf1183\/65399135\/gkaf1183.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nar\/article-pdf\/53\/21\/gkaf1183\/65399135\/gkaf1183.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T06:04:04Z","timestamp":1763618644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nar\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/nar\/gkaf1183\/8328546"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkaf1183","relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-1048","1362-4962"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-1048","type":"print"},{"value":"1362-4962","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"article-number":"gkaf1183"}}