{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T03:46:25Z","timestamp":1788839185042,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004807","name":"DFG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRK2157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRK2157"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101040214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101040214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"RNA & Infection"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008769","name":"University of W\u00fcrzburg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004115","name":"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG Vo875\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG Vo875\/18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004115","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Salmonella virulence chiefly relies upon two major pathogenicity islands, SPI-1 and SPI-2, which enable host cell invasion and intracellular survival, respectively. Growing evidence suggests post-transcriptional control of SPI gene expression by Hfq-dependent small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) such as PinT. This 80-nucleotide sRNA is highly expressed after\u00a0Salmonella enters host cells and modulates the transition from the SPI-1 to SPI-2 program by targeting the mRNAs of different virulence factors. However, it remains unclear how PinT activity can be counteracted when the suppression of virulence genes needs to be relieved. Here, we mapped the RNA interactome of Salmonella recovered from infected macrophages, using an optimized version of RIL-seq. In addition to offering an unprecedented view of Hfq-mediated RNA interactions during Salmonella\u2019s intracellular infection stage, RIL-seq uncovered the previously described 3\u2032 end-derived sRNA InvS as a direct negative regulator of PinT. Biochemical and genetic experiments suggest a decoy mechanism by which InvS lifts PinT-mediated target repression. Moreover, InvS acts as an mRNA repressor of the adhesion protein MipA and PinT interaction with InvS relieves\u00a0mipA repression. Together, our work identifies a pair of antagonistic sRNAs in a growing post-transcriptional network of virulence gene regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf1364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T13:27:04Z","timestamp":1763645224000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Intramacrophage RIL-seq uncovers an RNA antagonist of the\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    virulence-associated small RNA PinT"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Hoda","family":"Kooshapour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of W\u00fcrzburg , W\u00fcrzburg D-97074 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) , W\u00fcrzburg D-97080 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Matera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) , W\u00fcrzburg D-97080 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Venturini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) , W\u00fcrzburg D-97080 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leona","family":"Metka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of W\u00fcrzburg , W\u00fcrzburg D-97074 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) , W\u00fcrzburg D-97080 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Bischler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Unit Systems Medicine, University of W\u00fcrzburg , W\u00fcrzburg D-97080 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2220-1404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) , W\u00fcrzburg D-97080 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of W\u00fcrzburg , W\u00fcrzburg D-97080 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3236-0169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander J","family":"Westermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of W\u00fcrzburg , W\u00fcrzburg D-97074 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) , W\u00fcrzburg D-97080 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122212332252400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12091756","article-title":"Human salmonellosis: a continuous global threat in the farm-to-fork food safety continuum","volume":"12","author":"Teklemariam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2025122212332252400_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.11.010","article-title":"An infection-relevant transcriptomic compendium for Salmonella enterica serovar 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