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Here, we report bacteriophage T4 exonuclease DexA and an uncharacterized Escherichia coli exonuclease as a rare pair of attack and defense duo arising from the same mechanism. DexA, highly conserved among phages, has two well-characterized biological roles: host DNA scavenging and intron homing. Unmodified DNA is the substrate during host DNA scavenging, whereas cleavage of 5hmC (5-hydroxymethylcytosine)-modified phage DNA is required for intron homing. We reveal a temperature-driven quaternary fold switch between DexA dimer and tetramer that facilitates cleavage of distinct DNA forms, namely 5hmC-modified phage DNA and unmodified host DNA. As a countermeasure, bacteria produce DexA variants for defense against phage that only targets 5hmC-modified DNA. Thus, both phages and bacteria compete using HmC-Recognizing EXonuclease strategies (designated as HREX).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T13:47:26Z","timestamp":1749649646000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A temperature-driven DNA discrimination strategy to distinguish <i>E. coli<\/i> DNA and phage 5hmC-modified DNA"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Department of Infectious Diseases, , Shaanxi\u00a0 710061 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Surgical Critical Care and Life Support, Biobank, Centre for Biobank and Advanced Medical Research of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University , Shaanxi\u00a0 710061 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