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However, the roles of A-I RNA editing in the evolution and functions of primate brains are underexplored. Here, we perform whole-genome and whole-transcriptome sequencing of 39 anatomically defined brain regions of adult Macaca fascicularis and identify 2\u00a0782\u00a0079 A-I editing sites, including 2009 recoding sites enriched in genes related to neurotransmission functions. Most of macaque brain A-I editing sites are detected in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and amygdala. The brain A-I editing activity is associated with the estimated proportion of neurons to some extent. Comparison of A-I editing in mouse, pig, macaque, and human brains reveals that primates exhibit higher editing levels, specifically enriched in genes encoding neurotransmitter receptors. We identify 478\u00a0598 conserved brain editing sites between human and macaque brains, mostly found in the cerebral cortex and enriched in genes related to the cytoskeletal system and ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation pathway. Our study sheds light on the importance of post-transcriptional A-I RNA editing in the evolution and function of nervous systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T14:17:23Z","timestamp":1751033843000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Landscape of A-I RNA editing in mouse, pig, macaque, and human brains"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Conghui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen Department of Biology, , Copenhagen \u00a0 2100 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310000 ,\u00a0","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BGI-Shenzhen , Shenzhen \u00a0 518083 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoguang","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen Department of Biology, , Copenhagen \u00a0 2100 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310000 ,\u00a0","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Mulder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institutet Department of Neuroscience, , 171 77 Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelina","family":"Sj\u00f6stedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institutet Department of Neuroscience, , 171 77 Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhen Biosciences , Guangzhou \u00a0 510900 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhen Biosciences , Guangzhou \u00a0 510900 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangzhi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhen Biosciences , Guangzhou \u00a0 510900 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