{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T19:17:45Z","timestamp":1785439065857,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["221924\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221924\/Z\/20\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["214374\/Z\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["214374\/Z\/18\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"BBSRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/W016613\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/W016613\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["223107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["223107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["302632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302632"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Bacteria encode a panoply of defence systems to overcome phage infection. In recent years, over 100 defence systems have been identified, with the majority of these found co-localized in defence islands. Although there has been much progress in understanding the mechanisms of\u00a0anti-phage defence\u00a0employed\u00a0by bacteria, far less is known about their regulation before and during phage infection. Here, we describe RptR (RMS-proximal\u00a0transcriptional regulator), a small transcriptional regulator of a defence island in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli\u00a0composed of a toxin\u2013antitoxin system, DarTG2, embedded within a Type I restriction\u2013modification system (RMS). We determined the molecular structure of a RptR homodimer and, using transcriptional reporter\u00a0and in vitro DNA binding assays, show that RptR represses the promoter of the defence island by binding to a series of three direct repeats in the promoter. Furthermore, we demonstrate, using the structural models of RptR validated with electrophoretic mobility shift assays, that the minimal RptR binding site is a\u00a06-bp palindrome, TAGCTA. Both RptR and its binding site are highly conserved across diverse bacterial genomes with a strong genetic association with Type I RMS, highlighting the role of RptR as a novel regulatory component of an important mechanism for anti-phage defence in bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T16:39:55Z","timestamp":1752338395000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Regulation of a phage defence island by RptR, a novel repressor that controls restriction\u2013modification systems in diverse bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"YuGeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford\u00a0 OX1 3RE ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Schuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford\u00a0 OX1 3RE ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9446-3756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Ahel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford\u00a0 OX1 3RE ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7390-6458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim\u00a0R","family":"Blower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Durham University Department of Biosciences, , South Road , Durham\u00a0 DH1 3LE ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"New England Biolabs , 240 County Road , Ipswich , MA\u00a0 01938 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel\u00a0M","family":"Exley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford\u00a0 OX1 3RE ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8366-3245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph\u00a0M","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford\u00a0 OX1 3RE ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025071212394553500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaar4120","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar4120","article-title":"Systematic discovery of antiphage defense 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