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We introduce bayesReact, which quantifies regulatory activities from bulk or single-cell omics data. It is based on an unsupervised generative model, exploiting the fact that each regulator typically targets many genes sharing a sequence motif. Using mRNA expression data, we illustrate and evaluate bayesReact on microRNAs (miRNAs). It outperforms existing methods on sparse bulk data and improves activity inference on single-cell data. Inferred miRNA activities correlate with miRNA expression across pan-cancer TCGA and healthy GTEx tissue samples. The activities capture cancer-type-specific miRNA patterns, e.g., for miR-122-5p and miR-124-3p, which also correlate more strongly with their target genes than their measured expression. This includes a strong negative correlation between miR-124-3p and the anti-neuronal REST transcription factor in nervous system cancers. Analyzing single-cell data, bayesReact detects prominent miRNAs during murine stem cell differentiation, including miR-298-5p, miR-92-2-5p, and the Sfmbt2 cluster (miR-297-669). Furthermore, spatio-temporal inference shows increasing miR-124-3p activity in differentiating neurons during embryonic spinal cord development in mice. bayesReact enables large-scale hypothesis-generating screens for novel regulatory factors and the discovery of condition-specific activities. It is implemented as a user-friendly R package (https:\/\/github.com\/JakobSkouPedersenLab\/bayesReact).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkag072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T12:44:46Z","timestamp":1770381886000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["bayesReact: expression-coupled regulatory motif analysis detects microRNA activity across cancers, tissues, and at the single-cell level"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2035-3092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asta Mannstaedt","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, 8200 Aarhus N ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital , Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, 8200 Aarhus N 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