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Recently, studies of nucleosome spacing have expanded substantially due to the development of novel experimental tools and increased analysis of human samples. This has yielded thousands of high-resolution nucleosome maps across many species and cell types, as well as multiple human datasets that span across different ages and health conditions. With the rapid increase in nucleosome mapping data, their analysis and interpretation have become critically important. Indeed, several discrepancies in nucleosome spacing have been reported recently, using different experimental methods. However, when nucleosome spacing is consistently analysed, it can be linked to biologically important processes: (i) active genomic regions are characterized by shorter distances between nucleosomes in comparison to inactive regions; (ii) cancer cells tend to have shorter distances in comparison to normal cells of the same type; and (iii) ageing usually increases distances between nucleosomes. In many cases, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be clarified. Here, we provide a critical analysis of this field, focusing on nucleosome spacing in different types of genomic regions and cell types, as well as changes in cell differentiation, cancer, and ageing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkag074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T13:00:34Z","timestamp":1769086834000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Nucleosome spacing across cell types, diseases, and ages"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Milena","family":"Bikova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park , Colchester CO4 3SQ ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher T","family":"Clarkson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park , Colchester CO4 3SQ ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5931-7534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir B","family":"Teif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park , Colchester CO4 3SQ ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030511064003600_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(02)00386-8","article-title":"Solvent mediated interactions in the structure of the nucleosome core particle at 1.9 \u00c5 resolution","volume":"319","author":"Davey","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026030511064003600_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/38444","article-title":"Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 A resolution","volume":"389","author":"Luger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026030511064003600_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2021.166847","article-title":"Nucleosome positioning and spacing: from mechanism to function","volume":"433","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026030511064003600_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1042\/ebc20180058","article-title":"Nucleosome positioning and spacing: from genome-wide maps to single arrays","volume":"63","author":"Baldi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Essays Biochem"},{"key":"2026030511064003600_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70029","DOI":"10.1002\/wcms.70029","article-title":"Building nucleosome positioning maps: discovering hidden gems","volume":"15","author":"Masoudi-Sobhanzadeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"WIREs Comput Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026030511064003600_B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-019-0368-x","article-title":"Beads on a string\u2014nucleosome array arrangements and folding of the chromatin fiber","volume":"27","author":"Baldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026030511064003600_B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.163592.113","article-title":"Genome-wide nucleosome map and cytosine methylation levels of an ancient human genome","volume":"24","author":"Pedersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"2026030511064003600_B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(70)90277-9","article-title":"Properties of rapidly labelled deoxyribonucleic acid fragments isolated from the cytoplasm of primary cultures of embryonic mouse liver cells","volume":"51","author":"Williamson","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026030511064003600_B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(73)90740-7","article-title":"Chromatin sub-structure. 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