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DNA twist\u2014a central DNA property\u2014varies with ion concentration and identity. Prior studies have focused on salt concentrations below 1 M, and it is unclear whether twist trends persist at higher concentrations. It has been proposed that at high salt, DNA transitions from its canonical B-form to C-form, originally observed by fiber diffraction. Here, we use single-molecule magnetic tweezers to measure DNA twist in high concentrations of LiCl, NaCl, KCl, and CsCl. For all salts, twist initially increases approximately as \u223c[salt]1\/2, but plateaus and even decreases above 3 M. LiCl causes the largest twist increase, by \u2264 0.9\u00b0 bp\u22121, compared with physiological salt, still far below the suggested C-form values of 2\u20133\u00b0 bp\u22121. We perform extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations for DNA in LiCl solutions with different force fields. For parmbsc1, we observe good agreement with experiments when ion activities are taken into account. We find that simulations initiated in the C-form rapidly convert to the B-form, while the B-form remains stable. Our results demonstrate ion-specific, systematic changes in DNA twist beyond 1 M salt, but do not support a transition to the C-form for DNA<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkag192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T12:21:52Z","timestamp":1771849312000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["DNA twist at high alkali ion concentrations: evidence against C-form DNA in solution"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7783-2014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koen R","family":"Storm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University , Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universit\u00e4tsstrasse 1 , D-86159 Augsburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Wiebeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universit\u00e4tsstrasse 1 , D-86159 Augsburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1256-2206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Cruz-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics , Max-von-Laue-Stra\u00dfe 3, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6864-955X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"K\u00f6r\u00f6sy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University , Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universit\u00e4tsstrasse 1 , D-86159 Augsburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4191-2674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine","family":"Schwierz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universit\u00e4tsstrasse 1 , D-86159 Augsburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3613-7896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Lipfert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University , Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universit\u00e4tsstrasse 1 , D-86159 Augsburg 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