{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:12:19Z","timestamp":1787987539697,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["218288\/A\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["218288\/A\/19\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["302692\/Z\/23\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302692\/Z\/23\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["212929\/A\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212929\/A\/18\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Liverpool's"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Most new genomes lack annotation, automated methods are error-prone, and few genomes are ever manually curated due to time and cost. Protein structure predictions may offer a new route to assess and improve gene models without requiring experimental data. Here, we explore whether scores from protein structure prediction can aid in scoring gene model quality. We chose three species (Fusarium graminearum, Toxoplasma gondii, and Aspergillus fumigatus) from the VEuPathDB database that have collectively undergone more than 1000 manual curation events. We modelled translations of the gene models with AlphaFold 3, before and after curation, collecting various scores. Then we carried out structure searching of the PDB with Foldseek and sequence-based domain identification using InterProScan. We profiled the scores produced by these methods to identify those best for gene model assessment. AlphaFold 3 scores strongly favoured manually improved over pre-improvement gene models, supporting 65\u201384% of manually-curated changes. Combining scores across multiple tools (AlphaFold 3, Foldseek and InterProScan) provided further improvements in model scoring. Overall, the most discriminative scores combined the outputs of AlphaFold 3 and Foldseek. Importantly, we find that scores from the much faster Protenix-Mini retain the same discriminatory power as those from AlphaFold 3. Our results, therefore, highlight the potential of scores derived from deep learning-based protein structure prediction for scoring gene models in the absence of experimental data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkag369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T11:40:58Z","timestamp":1775821258000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The promise of AlphaFold for gene structure annotation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Helen R","family":"Davison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool , L69 7ZB ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"B\u00f6hme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool , L69 7ZB ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahram","family":"Mesdaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool , L69 7ZB ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Computational Biology Facility, University of Liverpool, Liverpool , L69 7ZB ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool , L69 7ZB ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S","family":"Roos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew R","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool , L69 7ZB ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J","family":"Rigden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool , L69 7ZB ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042405081621600_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D966","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1078","article-title":"GENCODE 2025: reference gene annotation for human and mouse","volume":"53","author":"Mudge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026042405081621600_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1715-2","article-title":"Next-generation genome annotation: we still struggle to get it right","volume":"20","author":"Salzberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"2026042405081621600_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03451-0","article-title":"Towards complete and error-free genome assemblies of all vertebrate species","volume":"592","author":"Rhie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026042405081621600_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4325","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720115115","article-title":"Earth BioGenome Project: sequencing life for the future of life","volume":"115","author":"Lewin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. 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