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A histone-like protein H-NS represses many mobile and sedentary xenogenes but fails to silence the conjugal transfer vir operon of R6K, a prototype IncX plasmid. Instead, R6K encodes its own H-NS homolog, Sfx, to repress the vir operon. Here, we show that, unlike other plasmid silencers that target promoters, Sfx cooperates with Rho factor to arrest transcription elongation. ChIP-seq reveals that Sfx and H-NS share similar DNA motifs and a preference for negative supercoiling, but occupy reciprocal genomic niches; Sfx is enriched on the R6K vir operon despite weak chromosomal binding, whereas H-NS displays the opposite preference. We show that Sfx binding to vir DNA critically depends on DNA topology and hypothesize that its selective targeting to R6K is mediated by Sfx-vir interactions and phase separation. Our results suggest that Sfx phase separates with R6K to ensure its preferential recruitment to the plasmid DNA and forms stable bridged nucleoprotein filaments that are impermeable to competitors such as H-NS. These findings reveal how histone-like proteins can partition the genome into distinct regulatory niches, a strategy likely mirrored across all life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkag583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T11:45:29Z","timestamp":1780055129000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Selective targeting of a histone-like silencer Sfx to the R6K conjugal transfer operon"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Bing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"The Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritika","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University , Clemson, SC 29634 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Blaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Science and Engineering, United States Military Academy , West Point, NY 10966 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbare","family":"Khitiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University , Clemson, SC 29634 ,","place":["United 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SC 29634 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Institute for Human Genetics, Clemson University , Clemson, SC 29634 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8604-0980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Artsimovitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"The Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061010532501500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8005","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad498","article-title":"Global transmission of broad-host-range plasmids derived from the human gut 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