{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T09:25:52Z","timestamp":1787304352067,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K22AI168257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K22AI168257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35GM166427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35GM166427"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI166668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI166668"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Rutgers Busch Biomedical"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011132","name":"Rutgers University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011132","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 manipulates host gene expression through multiple mechanisms, including disruption of RNA processing. Here, we identify a novel function of the viral non-structural protein 14 (NSP14) in inducing N7-methylguanosine (m7G) modification in the internal sequences of host mRNA. We demonstrate that NSP14 catalyzes the conversion of GTP to m7GTP, which is subsequently incorporated into mRNA by RNA polymerase II, resulting in widespread internal m7G modification. This activity is dependent on NSP14\u2019s N7-methyltransferase (N7-MTase) domain, and the NSP10\u2013NSP14 interaction increases cellular m7G levels primarily by increasing NSP14 protein abundance. NSP14-induced m7G modification is conserved across alpha-, beta-, and gamma-coronaviruses. Mechanistically, we show that this RNA modification is associated with altered splicing, particularly in genes regulating genome stability, RNA metabolism, and nuclear processes. Importantly, using SARS-CoV-2 infection models, we show that viral replication is associated with increased cellular m7G signal, supporting the relevance of this pathway during infection. Inhibition of NSP14 N7-MTase or RNA polymerase II reduces SARS-CoV-2 replication, consistent with a model in which NSP14-induced m7G modification may contribute to viral replication. Our findings reveal a previously unrecognized epitranscriptomic mechanism and suggest that NSP14-induced m7G modification may contribute to the remodeling of host gene expression during coronavirus infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkag829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T11:54:02Z","timestamp":1786190042000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Coronavirus NSP14 drives internal m7G modification to rewire host splicing and promote viral replication"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Ensue\u00f1o Esmeralda\u00a0","family":"S\u00e1enz\u00a0Altamirano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ 07103 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Hsin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ 07103 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueh-Lin","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Biolabs Inc. , Beverly, MA 01915 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany J","family":"Tzeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ 07103 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia\u00a0","family":"Fagundes\u00a0Borges\u00a0Teruel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ 07103 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9494-3748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoatzin\u00a0","family":"Pe\u00f1aflor-T\u00e9llez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ 07103 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ 07103 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isha","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ 07103 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neelam","family":"Oswal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health , Nutley, NJ 07110 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3574-5734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y Grace","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT 06520 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Wen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health , Nutley, NJ 07110 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Rajsbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ 07103 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ 07103 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0727-8289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lok-Yin Roy","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ 07103 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ 07103 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3169-6878","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr","given":"Ivan R","family":"Corr\u00eaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Biolabs Inc. , Beverly, MA 01915 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4380-8723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack Chun-Chieh","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ 07103 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ 07103 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082104412093900_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume-title":"N Engl J Med","author":"Zhu","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00468-6","article-title":"Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"19","author":"V\u2019Kovski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-01003-z","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 biology and host interactions","volume":"22","author":"Steiner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Micro"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00432-z","article-title":"Structures and functions of coronavirus replication\u2013transcription complexes and their relevance for SARS-CoV-2 drug design","volume":"23","author":"Malone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-052521-115653","article-title":"The life of SARS-CoV-2 inside cells: replication\u2013transcription complex assembly and function","volume":"91","author":"Lou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00839-1","article-title":"Innate immune evasion strategies of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"21","author":"Minkoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D239","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad1083","article-title":"MODOMICS: a database of RNA modifications and related information. 2023 update","volume":"52","author":"Cappannini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D231","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1083","article-title":"MODOMICS: a database of RNA modification pathways. 2021 update","volume":"50","author":"Boccaletto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01285-5","article-title":"The potential role of N7-methylguanosine (m7G) in cancer","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20091352","article-title":"Regulation of mRNA cap methylation","volume":"425","author":"Cowling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7511","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw551","article-title":"mRNA capping: biological functions and applications","volume":"44","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355838202024019","article-title":"Two proteins that form a complex are required for 7-methylguanosine modification of yeast tRNA","volume":"8","author":"Alexandrov","year":"2002","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2021.07.030","article-title":"m7G tRNA modification reveals new secrets in the translational regulation of cancer development","volume":"81","author":"Katsara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E15-02-0073","article-title":"The human 18S rRNA base methyltransferases DIMT1L and WBSCR22\u2013TRMT112 but not rRNA modification are required for ribosome biogenesis","volume":"26","author":"Zorbas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.047910.114","article-title":"WBSCR22\/Merm1 is required for late nuclear pre-ribosomal RNA processing and mediates N7-methylation of G1639 in human 18S rRNA","volume":"21","author":"Haag","year":"2015","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.03.036","article-title":"Transcriptome-wide mapping of internal N7-methylguanosine methylome in mammalian mRNA","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e126","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz736","article-title":"Detection of internal N7-methylguanosine (m7G) RNA modifications by mutational profiling sequencing","volume":"47","author":"Enroth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3528","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaa178","article-title":"m7GHub: deciphering the location, regulation and pathogenesis of internal mRNA N7-methylguanosine (m7G) sites in human","volume":"36","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.10.006","article-title":"Reading chemical modifications in the transcriptome","volume":"432","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006188","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006188","article-title":"RNA modifications go viral","volume":"13","author":"Gokhale","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2675","article-title":"Conventional and unconventional mechanisms for capping viral mRNA","volume":"10","author":"Decroly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2106379119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2106379119","article-title":"Structure and dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 proofreading exoribonuclease ExoN","volume":"119","author":"Moeller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000863","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000863","article-title":"In vitro reconstitution of SARS-coronavirus mRNA cap methylation","volume":"6","author":"Bouvet","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05185-z","article-title":"The mechanism of RNA capping by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"609","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2101161118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2101161118","article-title":"Translational shutdown and evasion of the innate immune response by SARS-CoV-2 NSP14 protein","volume":"118","author":"Hsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7602","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad483","article-title":"Nsp14 of SARS-CoV-2 inhibits mRNA processing and nuclear export by targeting the nuclear cap-binding complex","volume":"51","author":"Katahira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71945","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.71945","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Nsp14 mediates the effects of viral infection on the host cell transcriptome","volume":"11","author":"Zaffagni","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2108709118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2108709118","article-title":"Structure\u2013function analysis of the nsp14 N7-guanine methyltransferase reveals an essential role in Betacoronavirus replication","volume":"118","author":"Ogando","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20210219","article-title":"Identifying SARS-CoV-2 antiviral compounds by screening for small molecule inhibitors of Nsp14 RNA cap methyltransferase","volume":"478","author":"Basu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08320-0","article-title":"Small-molecule inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 NSP14 RNA cap methyltransferase","volume":"637","author":"Meyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4699","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdf448","article-title":"The scavenger mRNA decapping enzyme DcpS is a member of the HIT family of pyrophosphatases","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e184074","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.184074","article-title":"Tissue-resident memory T cells contribute to protection against heterologous SARS-CoV-2 challenge","volume":"9","author":"Odle","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4056","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48104-8","article-title":"Functional and antigenic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike fusion peptide by deep mutational scanning","volume":"15","author":"Lei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2025.106212","article-title":"A novel cellular tool for screening human pan-coronavirus antivirals","volume":"240","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0183721","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01837-21","article-title":"Development of a single-cycle infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus replicon particle system for use in biosafety level 2 laboratories","volume":"96","author":"Malicoat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2405999121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2405999121","article-title":"A novel N4,N4-dimethylcytidine in the archaeal ribosome enhances hyperthermophily","volume":"121","author":"Fluke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115471","article-title":"Comprehensive nucleoside analysis of archaeal RNA modification profiles reveals an m7G in the conserved P loop of 23S rRNA","volume":"44","author":"Tsai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9436","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1508686112","article-title":"Structural basis and functional analysis of the SARS coronavirus nsp14\u2013nsp10 complex","volume":"112","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1207","article-title":"Crystal structures and fragment screening of SARS-CoV-2 NSP14 reveal details of exoribonuclease activation and mRNA capping and provide starting points for antiviral drug development","volume":"51","author":"Imprachim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/cpps.20","article-title":"Comparative protein structure modeling using MODELLER","volume":"86","author":"Webb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Protein Sci"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3856","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv458","article-title":"NRGsuite: a PyMOL plugin to perform docking simulations in real time using FlexAID","volume":"31","author":"Gaudreault","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.5b00078","article-title":"FlexAID: revisiting docking on non-native-complex structures","volume":"55","author":"Gaudreault","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Chem Inf Model"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vbaf129","DOI":"10.1093\/bioadv\/vbaf129","article-title":"NRGSuite-Qt: a PyMOL plugin for high-throughput virtual screening, molecular docking, normal-mode analysis, the study of molecular interactions, and the detection of binding-site similarities","volume":"5","author":"Galdino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioinform Adv"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"btad608","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btad608","article-title":"Surfaces: a software to quantify and visualize interactions within and between proteins and ligands","volume":"39","author":"Teruel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3484","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808790106","article-title":"Functional screen reveals SARS coronavirus nonstructural protein nsp14 as a novel cap N7 methyltransferase","volume":"106","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.09.032","article-title":"Landscape and regulation of m6A and m6Am methylome across human and mouse tissues","volume":"77","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.062737.117","article-title":"Application of a Schizosaccharomyces pombe Edc1-fused Dcp1\u2013Dcp2 decapping enzyme for transcription start site mapping","volume":"24","author":"Paquette","year":"2018","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15111307","article-title":"Evaluation of formalin-fixed and FFPE tissues for spatially resolved metabolomics and drug distribution studies","volume":"15","author":"Dannhorn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01246","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01246-20","article-title":"The enzymatic activity of the nsp14 exoribonuclease is critical for replication of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2","volume":"94","author":"Ogando","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9372","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1201130109","article-title":"RNA 3'-end mismatch excision by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nonstructural protein nsp10\/nsp14 exoribonuclease complex","volume":"109","author":"Bouvet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-09459-w","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 induces the m7G methylation and the sequestration of host RNAs in stress granules","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.1c00131","article-title":"The structure-based design of SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 methyltransferase ligands yields nanomolar inhibitors","volume":"7","author":"Otava","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101518","article-title":"Activation of the SARS-CoV-2 NSP14 3'\u20135' exoribonuclease by NSP10 and response to antiviral inhibitors","volume":"298","author":"Riccio","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03662","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03662-21","article-title":"N7-methylation of the coronavirus RNA cap is required for maximal virulence by preventing innate immune recognition","volume":"13","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.05.001","article-title":"Characterization of the guanine-N7 methyltransferase activity of coronavirus nsp14 on nucleotide GTP","volume":"176","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(04)00180-7","article-title":"Insights into the structure, mechanism, and regulation of scavenger mRNA decapping activity","volume":"14","author":"Gu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2022.110270","article-title":"Betacoronavirus-specific alternate splicing","volume":"114","author":"Karlebach","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts356","article-title":"RSeQC: quality control of RNA-seq experiments","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.05.003","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of mRNA methylation reveals enrichment in 3' UTRs and near stop codons","volume":"149","author":"Meyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3785","article-title":"The dynamic epitranscriptome: N6-methyladenosine and gene expression control","volume":"15","author":"Meyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13062-023-00414-5","article-title":"Biological roles of RNA m7G modification and its implications in cancer","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Direct"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-025-01665-7","article-title":"N7-methylguanosine modification in cancers: from mechanisms to therapeutic potential","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00466","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00466-17","article-title":"Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus utilizes and manipulates RNA N6-adenosine methylation to promote lytic replication","volume":"91","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.11.007","article-title":"Altered m6A modification of specific cellular transcripts affects Flaviviridae infection","volume":"77","author":"Gokhale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0394322","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03943-22","article-title":"Epitranscriptomic N6-methyladenosine profile of SARS-CoV-2-infected human lung epithelial cells","volume":"11","author":"Phillips","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-00465-7","article-title":"The m6A methylome of SARS-CoV-2 in host cells","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-019-0230-z","article-title":"Dynamic methylome of internal mRNA N7-methylguanosine and its regulatory role in translation","volume":"29","author":"Malbec","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.05.047","article-title":"QKI shuttles internal m7G-modified transcripts into stress granules and modulates mRNA metabolism","volume":"186","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S385050","article-title":"The m7G modification level and immune infiltration characteristics in patients with COVID-19","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Multidisc Healthc"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-052521-035330","article-title":"The proteins of mRNA modification: writers, readers, and erasers","volume":"92","author":"Flamand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B72","first-page":"1640","article-title":"N7-methylguanosine modification: from regulatory roles to therapeutic implications in cancer","volume":"13","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.22036","article-title":"Genome-wide technology for determining RNA stability in mammalian cells: historical perspective and recent advantages based on modified nucleotide labeling","volume":"9","author":"Tani","year":"2012","journal-title":"RNA Biol"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19800315)45:5+&lt;1129::aid-cncr2820451317&gt;3.0.co;2-i","article-title":"Potentiation of the anti-tumor activity of 5FU by thymidine and its correlation with the formation of (5FU)RNA","volume":"45","author":"Spiegelman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20542-0","article-title":"Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase stalling by remdesivir","volume":"12","author":"Kokic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.09.015","article-title":"Favipiravir (T-705), a novel viral RNA polymerase inhibitor","volume":"100","author":"Furuta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2014.04.011","article-title":"Ribavirin: a drug active against many viruses with multiple effects on virus replication and propagation. Molecular basis of ribavirin resistance","volume":"8","author":"Beaucourt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-021-00651-0","article-title":"Mechanism of molnupiravir-induced SARS-CoV-2 mutagenesis","volume":"28","author":"Kabinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0238-4","article-title":"A naturally occurring antiviral ribonucleotide encoded by the human genome","volume":"558","author":"Gizzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202302240","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202302240","article-title":"Interconnections between m6A RNA modification, RNA structure, and protein\u2013RNA complex assembly","volume":"7","author":"Hofler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci Alliance"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19988","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.9b10939","article-title":"NMR chemical exchange measurements reveal that N6-methyladenosine slows RNA annealing","volume":"141","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.07.005","article-title":"Regulation of co-transcriptional pre-mRNA splicing by m6A through the low-complexity protein hnRNPG","volume":"76","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6051","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx141","article-title":"N6-methyladenosine alters RNA structure to regulate binding of a low-complexity protein","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14234","article-title":"N6-methyladenosine-dependent RNA structural switches regulate RNA\u2013protein interactions","volume":"518","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.3270","article-title":"m1A and m1G disrupt A-RNA structure through the intrinsic instability of Hoogsteen base pairs","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5426","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab187","article-title":"RNA G-quadruplexes (rG4s): genomics and biological functions","volume":"49","author":"Lyu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.03.040","article-title":"METTL1 promotes let-7 microRNA processing via m7G methylation","volume":"74","author":"Pandolfini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.07.019","article-title":"Cut, copy, move, delete: the study of human interferon genes reveal multiple mechanisms underlying their evolution in amniotes","volume":"76","author":"Krause","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39765","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M102502200","article-title":"Interferon-kappa, a novel type I interferon expressed in human keratinocytes","volume":"276","author":"LaFleur","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2005.01.010","article-title":"The interferon system of teleost fish","volume":"20","author":"Robertsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5038","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903374","article-title":"Intron-containing type I and type III IFN coexist in amphibians: refuting the concept that a retroposition event gave rise to type I IFNs","volume":"184","author":"Qi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.04.018","article-title":"Intron loss in interferon genes follows a distinct set of stages, and may confer an evolutionary advantage","volume":"83","author":"Krause","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2026082104412093900_B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7039","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03273-12","article-title":"A case for the ancient origin of coronaviruses","volume":"87","author":"Wertheim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"}],"container-title":["Nucleic Acids Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nar\/article-pdf\/54\/15\/gkag829\/70744010\/gkag829.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nar\/article-pdf\/54\/15\/gkag829\/70744010\/gkag829.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T08:41:29Z","timestamp":1787301689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nar\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/nar\/gkag829\/8767597"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkag829","relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-1048","1362-4962"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-1048","type":"print"},{"value":"1362-4962","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"article-number":"gkag829"}}