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genome organization through ATP-dependent DNA loop extrusion by cohesin and condensin and other processes. Whether these activities fully account for the complexity of chromosome architecture remains unknown. Here, we uncover a conserved ATP-independent mechanism of chromatin condensation by SMC complexes, occurring via biomolecular condensation. Using single-molecule fluorescence imaging, we show that a variety of SMCs form dynamic DNA-bound condensates that exhibit key features of biomolecular condensates, including droplet coalescence, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, and rapid exchange with free SMC complexes. Atomic force microscopy analysis of human cohesin\u2013DNA assemblies reveals DNA-length-dependent clustering, providing evidence for bridging-driven condensation. Analyses of\u00a0in vivo super-resolution imaging and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) data indicate that these condensates form chromatin-associated clusters with multi-loop structures. Together, our results establish that SMC complexes employ ATP-independent phase condensation as well as ATP-dependent activities to shape genome architecture. This work reveals a broadly conserved principle of chromosomal organization across eukaryotes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkag850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T11:52:11Z","timestamp":1787226731000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bridging-driven condensation by eukaryotic SMC complexes is a conserved feature of genome organization"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8641-8392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Won","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 ,","place":["South Korea"]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Computational Sciences, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torahiko 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