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A12.2 and C11 are subunits of Pol I and Pol III, respectively. Pol II, however, recruits transcription factor IIS (TFIIS). This evolutionary divergence of A12.2 and C11 being bona fide subunits while TFIIS is a trans-acting factor suggests functional divergence of these domains. To uncover the mechanistic impact of TFIIS on Pol II-catalyzed nucleotide incorporation and endonuclease activity, single turnover in vitro transcription assays were performed with Saccharomyces cerevisiae TFIIS and Pol II. Nucleotide incorporation time courses were collected as a function of both TFIIS and nucleotide concentrations. Global nonlinear least-squares analysis of these time courses revealed that TFIIS binds to elongation complexes after nucleotide incorporation because TFIIS binding is slow relative to correct nucleotide incorporation. However, if subsequent nucleotide incorporation is slow, TFIIS has adequate time to bind and activate Pol II\u2019s endonuclease activity. From these findings, we hypothesize that the mechanism of TFIIS-stimulated endonuclease activity is kinetically controlled.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkag874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:34:08Z","timestamp":1788521648000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["TFIIS enhancement of Pol II cleavage is under kinetic control"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Ryan M","family":"Requijo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL 35294 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasib Karl","family":"Maluf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL 35294 ,","place":["United 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