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They can trigger antiviral activities through either direct elimination of invading nucleic acids or activating broad collateral cleavage to induce abortive infection. Here, we report a novel type V CRISPR effector BaCas12a3 that causes growth inhibition through a unique tRNA-cleavage mechanism. Plasmid interference and western blot assays showed that BaCas12a3 induces host growth arrest without DNA damage response, suggestive of the absence of double-strand DNA breaks. Indeed, biochemical characterization of the BaCas12a3\u2013crRNA ribonucleoprotein unraveled that the effector is an RNA-activating nuclease that cleaves the 3\u2032 terminal CCA of tRNAs. Cryo-EM structures of BaCas12a3 reveal a conserved bilobed architecture featuring a unique tRNA-loading domain (tRLD) adjacent to the RuvC catalytic center. Structural and mutagenesis analyses show that the tRLD domain, together with a zinc ribbon domain, form a gated substrate groove. Target RNA binding induces conformational changes that open the groove and expose the RuvC active site, enabling specific tRNA 3\u2032 end cleavage while preventing other non-specific degradation. Our findings identify the tRLD domain aside the RuvC active site responsible for the tRNA recognition in BaCas12a3, expanding the functional diversity of CRISPR immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkag915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T11:53:25Z","timestamp":1789127605000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Ba<\/i>\n                    Cas12a3 represents a new subtype of type V CRISPR effector with collateral activity toward tRNA"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CRISPR and Archaea Biology Research Center, Microbial Technology Institute and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University , 72 Binhai Road, Jimo, Qingdao, Shandong 266237 ,","place":["P.R. 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