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A\/C plasmids mobilize SGI1 at very high frequencies and are inhibited by SGI1. Here, we show that SGI1 and kin encode a fertility inhibitor, which we named CtiC (for \u2018Conjugative Transfer Inhibition of IncC\u2019), that hampers A\/C plasmid transfer. Fertility inhibition facilitates the propagation of SGI1, which is known to be destabilized by coresident A\/C plasmids. ctiC expression is both constitutive and activated during conjugative transfer of A\/C plasmids. Structural predictions suggest that CtiC resembles the C-terminus of the MOBH12-family relaxase TraI of A\/C plasmids. Bacterial two-hybrid assays and relaxase domain substitutions show that CtiC and the C-terminus of TraI interact with the plasmid-encoded mobilization factor MobI, which recognizes and binds the origin of transfer (oriT) of A\/C plasmids. Hence, CtiC acts as a decoy that competes with TraI for binding to MobI, freeing TraI for efficient SGI1 mobilization, and precluding efficient processing of the plasmid\u2019s oriT. Our work reveals a mechanism of fertility inhibition that prevents relaxosome assembly and uncovers a functional domain in MOBH12 relaxases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkag954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:17:03Z","timestamp":1790335023000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Conjugative transfer inhibition of IncA and IncC plasmids by SGI1-like elements via relaxosome assembly interference"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7986-284X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florence","family":"Desch\u00eanes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de biologie, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7681-4727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romain","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de biologie, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin T","family":"Huguet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de biologie, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3764-5438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Rivard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de biologie, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4061-1004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Chagnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de biologie, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doriane","family":"Planez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de biologie, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"L\u00e9v\u00e9n\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de biologie, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6318-6904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Burrus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de biologie, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100505230411700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00088","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00088-17","article-title":"Mobile genetic elements associated with antimicrobial resistance","volume":"31","author":"Partridge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2026100505230411700_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.05.011","article-title":"The role of integrative and conjugative elements in antibiotic resistance evolution","volume":"29","author":"Botelho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"2026100505230411700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00926-x","article-title":"Plasmids, a molecular cornerstone of antimicrobial resistance in the One Health era","volume":"22","author":"Casta\u00f1eda-Barba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2026100505230411700_B4","first-page":"81","article-title":"Towards an integrated model of bacterial conjugation","volume":"39","author":"Cabez\u00f3n","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2026100505230411700_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12058","article-title":"Conjugative and mobilizable genomic islands in bacteria: evolution and diversity","volume":"38","author":"Bellanger","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2026100505230411700_B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3002796","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002796","article-title":"Hijackers, hitchhikers, or co-drivers? 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