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In contrast, their interference with post-chemistry translocation is rarely considered in rational design, partly due to a lack of direct and quantitative evidence for such interference. Remdesivir (RDV) is an adenosine analog with broad-spectrum antiviral activity against diverse RNA virus families and has been approved for COVID-19 treatment. RDV is capable of inducing a characteristic\u00a0\u201cdelayed\u201d intervention, wherein the interference occurs several NACs after its incorporation. By combining X-ray crystallography, quench-flow kinetics, and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that the composite rate of RDV translocation from product strand position \u22123 to \u22124 and subsequent catalysis is at least 100-fold slower than that of adenosine in an enterovirus RdRP. However, mutating the corresponding roadblock residue serine417 to glycine largely abolishes this difference. Nonetheless, the incorporated RDV nucleotide can still alter the free-energy landscape even in the S417G mutant complex, enabling the capture of an over-translocated state. Our work demonstrates translocation-related intervention as an effective and broadly applicable polymerase intervention strategy in NA rational design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkag957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T08:33:15Z","timestamp":1792398795000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Highly effective viral RdRP translocation hindrance by the remdesivir nucleotide"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430207 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of 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