{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:56:52Z","timestamp":1790866612471,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":186,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#NNJ16HP24I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#NNJ16HP24I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Radiation-induced foci (RIF) are nuclear puncta visualized by immunostaining of proteins that regulate DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair after exposure to ionizing radiation. RIF are a standard metric for measuring DSB formation and repair in clinical, environmental and space radiobiology. The time course and dose dependence of their formation has great potential to predict in vivo responses to ionizing radiation, predisposition to cancer and probability of adverse reactions to radiotherapy. However, increasing complexity of experimentally and therapeutically setups (charged particle, FLASH \u2026) is associated with several confounding factors that must be taken into account when interpreting RIF values. In this review, we discuss the spatiotemporal characteristics of RIF development after irradiation, addressing the common confounding factors, including cell proliferation and foci merging. We also describe the relevant endpoints and mathematical models that enable accurate biological interpretation of RIF formation and resolution. Finally, we discuss the use of RIF as a biomarker for quantification and prediction of in vivo radiation responses, including important caveats relating to the choice of the biological endpoint and the detection method. This review intends to help scientific community design radiobiology experiments using RIF as a key metric and to provide suggestions for their biological interpretation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/narcan\/zcab046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T14:05:28Z","timestamp":1640181928000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Quantification of radiation-induced DNA double strand break repair foci to evaluate and predict biological responses to ionizing radiation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3016-778X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Penninckx","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , CA \u00a0 94720 , USA"},{"name":"Medical Physics Department, Jules Bordet Institute , Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1 Rue H\u00e9ger-Bordet, 1000 Brussels , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eloise","family":"Pariset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA \u00a0 94035 , USA"},{"name":"Universities Space Research Association , 615 National Avenue , Mountain View , CA \u00a0 94043 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3306-1806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egle","family":"Cekanaviciute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA \u00a0 94035 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8542-2389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvain V","family":"Costes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA \u00a0 94035 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023091507100549600_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8304","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-1212","article-title":"Targeted and nontargeted effects of ionizing radiation that impact genomic instability","volume":"68","author":"Maxwell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"2023091507100549600_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.307702.117","article-title":"Chromatin and nucleosome dynamics in DNA damage and repair","volume":"31","author":"Hauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"2023091507100549600_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429490606","volume-title":"Basic Clinical Radiobiology","author":"Joiner","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023091507100549600_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9081853","article-title":"The chromatin response to Double-Strand DNA breaks and their repair","volume":"9","author":"Aleksandrov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2023091507100549600_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.48","article-title":"Non-homologous DNA end joining and alternative pathways to double-strand break repair","volume":"18","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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